Health Science Doctoral Programs, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
Clin Neurophysiol. 2010 Oct;121(10):1655-68. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.01.039. Epub 2010 Apr 27.
Standing and walking require a plethora of sensorimotor interactions that occur throughout the nervous system. Sensory afferent feedback plays a crucial role in the rhythmical muscle activation pattern, as it affects through spinal reflex circuits the spinal neuronal networks responsible for inducing and maintaining rhythmicity, drives short-term and long-term re-organization of the brain and spinal cord circuits, and contributes to recovery of walking after locomotor training. Therefore, spinal circuits integrating sensory signals are adjustable networks with learning capabilities. In this review, I will synthesize the mechanisms underlying phase-dependent modulation of spinal reflexes in healthy humans as well as those with spinal or cerebral lesions along with findings on afferent regulation of spinal reflexes and central pattern generator in reduced animal preparations. Recovery of walking after locomotor training has been documented in numerous studies but the re-organization of spinal interneuronal and cortical circuits need to be further explored at cellular and physiological levels. For maximizing sensorimotor recovery in people with spinal or cerebral lesions, a multidisciplinary approach (rehabilitation, pharmacology, and electrical stimulation) delivered during various sensorimotor constraints is needed.
站立和行走需要神经系统中大量的感觉运动相互作用。感觉传入反馈在有节奏的肌肉激活模式中起着至关重要的作用，因为它通过脊髓反射回路影响负责诱导和维持节律性的脊髓神经元网络，驱动大脑和脊髓回路的短期和长期重组，并有助于运动训练后行走的恢复。因此，整合感觉信号的脊髓回路是具有学习能力的可调节网络。在这篇综述中，我将综合健康人和脊髓或大脑损伤患者的脊髓反射相位依赖性调制的机制，以及在降低的动物模型中关于感觉传入对脊髓反射和中枢模式发生器的调节的发现。运动训练后的行走恢复在许多研究中都有记录，但需要在细胞和生理水平上进一步探索脊髓中间神经元和皮质回路的重组。为了最大限度地提高脊髓或大脑损伤患者的感觉运动恢复，需要在各种感觉运动限制下采用多学科方法（康复、药理学和电刺激）。
