Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
Adv Mater. 2010 Mar 19;22(11):1196-221. doi: 10.1002/adma.200902184.
Ionic liquids (ILs) including ambient-temperature molten salts, which exist in the liquid state even at room temperature, have a long research history. However, their applications were once limited because ILs were considered as highly moisture-sensitive solvents that should be handled in a glove box. After the first synthesis of moisture-stable ILs in 1992, their unique physicochemical properties became known in all scientific fields. ILs are composed solely of ions and exhibit several specific liquid-like properties, e.g., some ILs enable dissolution of insoluble bio-related materials and the use as tailor-made lubricants in industrial applications under extreme physicochemical conditions. Hybridization of ILs and other materials provides quasi-solid materials, which can be used to fabricate highly functional devices. ILs are also used as reaction media for electrochemical and chemical synthesis of nanomaterials. In addition, the negligible vapor pressure of ILs allows the fabrication of electrochemical devices that are operated under ambient conditions, and many liquid-vacuum technologies, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of liquids, electron microscopy of liquids, and sputtering and physical vapor deposition onto liquids. In this article, we review recent studies on ILs that are employed as functional advanced materials, advanced mediums for materials production, and components for preparing highly functional materials.
离子液体（ILs）包括环境温度熔融盐，即使在室温下也处于液态，具有悠久的研究历史。然而，它们的应用曾经受到限制，因为 ILs 被认为是高度吸湿的溶剂，应该在手套箱中处理。1992 年首次合成稳定的 ILs 后，它们独特的物理化学性质在所有科学领域都得到了认识。ILs 仅由离子组成，并表现出几种特定的液态性质，例如，一些 ILs 能够溶解不溶性生物相关材料，并在极端物理化学条件下用作工业应用中的定制润滑剂。ILs 与其他材料的杂交提供了准固态材料，可用于制造具有高功能的器件。ILs 也可用作电化学和化学合成纳米材料的反应介质。此外，ILs 的可忽略不计的蒸气压允许制造在环境条件下运行的电化学装置，以及许多液体-真空技术，例如液体的 X 射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析、液体电子显微镜、溅射和物理气相沉积到液体上。在本文中，我们综述了最近关于 ILs 的研究，这些研究将 ILs 用作功能先进材料、材料生产的先进介质以及制备高功能材料的组件。
