Ferraro Guido, Pavliha Marko
European Commission (EC), Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, Via E. Fermi, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
J Environ Monit. 2010 Mar;12(3):574-80. doi: 10.1039/b918059a. Epub 2009 Dec 24.
Oil spills cause damage to the marine environment. Such oil spills originate from land-based or sea-based sources. Sea-based sources are discharges coming from ships or offshore platforms. The origin of the pollution can be accidental or deliberate (defined also as operational). The European and international legislation in the field of monitoring and response to marine oil pollution is mainly based on the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as amended by the Protocol of 1978 thereto (MARPOL 73/78) and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). To complete the international framework, and with specific reference for European Countries, also the recent European legislation is presented. Special attention is given to the prosecution of polluting vessels. The main legal problem is the coordination and integration of the two principles on jurisdiction which co-exist: the nationality of the ship and the geographical position of the ship.
石油泄漏会对海洋环境造成损害。此类石油泄漏源自陆地或海上来源。海上来源是指来自船舶或近海平台的排放物。污染的源头可能是意外的，也可能是蓄意的（也定义为操作性的）。欧洲及国际在海洋石油污染监测与应对领域的立法主要基于经1978年议定书修订的1973年《国际防止船舶污染公约》（《73/78防污公约》）以及1982年《联合国海洋法公约》（《海洋法公约》）。为完善国际框架，并特别针对欧洲国家，还介绍了近期的欧洲立法。特别关注对污染船舶的起诉。主要法律问题是并存的两项管辖权原则的协调与整合：船舶国籍和船舶地理位置。
