The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna BC, Canada.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010 Jul;34(7):1193-200. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01196.x. Epub 2010 May 7.
Cognitive associations with alcohol predict both current and future use in youth and young adults. Much cognitive and social cognitive research suggests that exposure to information may have unconscious influences on thinking and behavior. The present study assessed the impact of information statements on the accessibility of alcohol outcome expectancies.
The 2 studies reported here investigated the effects of exposure to alcohol statements typical of informational approaches to prevention on the accessibility of alcohol outcome expectancies. High school and university students were presented with information statements about the effects of alcohol and other commercial products. The alcohol statements were taken from expectancy questionnaires. Some of these statements were presented as facts and others as myths. The retention of detailed information about these statements was manipulated by (i) divided attention versus focused attention or (ii) immediate versus delayed testing. Accessibility of personal alcohol outcome expectancies was subsequently measured using an open-ended question about the expected effects of alcohol.
Participants reported more alcohol outcomes seen during the information task as personal expectations about the effects of alcohol use than similar unseen items. Paradoxically, myth statements were also more likely to be reported as expectancies than unseen items in all conditions. Additionally, myth statements were generated less often than fact statements only under the condition of immediate testing with strong content processing instructions.
These observations are consistent with findings from cognitive research where familiarity in the absence of explicit memory can have an unconscious influence on performance. In particular, the exposure to these items in an informational format increases accessibility of the seen items even when the participants were told that they were myths. The findings have implications for the development of effective prevention materials.
认知与酒精之间的关联可以预测青少年和年轻人当前和未来的饮酒行为。大量认知和社会认知研究表明，信息的接触可能会对思维和行为产生无意识的影响。本研究评估了信息陈述对酒精预期结果可及性的影响。
本研究报告了两项研究，旨在调查接触预防措施中常见的信息陈述对酒精预期结果可及性的影响。高中和大学生接触了有关酒精和其他商业产品影响的信息陈述。酒精陈述取自预期问卷。其中一些陈述被表述为事实，另一些则是谣言。通过以下两种方式来操纵对这些陈述的详细信息的保留程度：（i）分散注意力与集中注意力，或（ii）即时测试与延迟测试。随后，通过一个关于酒精预期效果的开放式问题来测量个人酒精预期结果的可及性。
与未见过的项目相比，参与者报告在信息任务中看到的更多酒精结果被视为个人对饮酒影响的预期。矛盾的是，在所有条件下，与未见过的项目相比，谣言陈述也更有可能被报告为预期。此外，只有在立即进行测试且有强烈的内容处理指令的情况下，才会出现比事实陈述更少生成的谣言陈述。
这些观察结果与认知研究的发现一致，即在没有明确记忆的情况下，熟悉度可以对表现产生无意识的影响。特别是，以信息形式呈现这些项目会增加所见项目的可及性，即使参与者被告知这些项目是谣言。这些发现对有效预防材料的开发具有重要意义。
