Adams Mark B, Allen Garland E, Weiss Sheila Faith
Department of the History and Sociology of Science, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6304, USA.
Osiris. 2005;20:232-62. doi: 10.1086/649420.
Despite the fact that much has been written in recent years about the science of heredity under the Third Reich, there is as yet no satisfying analysis of two central questions: What, if anything, was peculiarly "Nazi" about human genetics under National Socialism? How, under whatever set of causes, did at least some of Germany's most well-known and leading biomedical practioners become engaged in entgrenzte Wissenschaft (science without moral boundaries)? This paper attempts to provide some answers to these two questions comparing three institutes that studied eugenics and human heredity in the 1920s and 1930s: the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, New York, directed by Charles B. Davenport; the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics, in Berlin, directed by Eugen Fischer; and the Maxim Gorky Medical Genetics Institute in Moscow, directed by Solomon G. Levit. The institutes are compared on the basis of the kind and quality of their research in eugenics and medical genetics, organizational structure, leadership, patronage (private or state), and the economic-social-political context in which they functioned.
尽管近年来已有许多关于第三帝国时期遗传科学的著述，但对于两个核心问题仍缺乏令人满意的分析：在国家社会主义体制下，人类遗传学中究竟有哪些（如果有的话）是特别“纳粹”的？在任何一系列原因的作用下，德国一些最知名且顶尖的生物医学从业者至少是如何卷入“无边界科学”（即没有道德界限的科学）之中的？本文试图通过比较20世纪20年代和30年代研究优生学和人类遗传的三个机构来回答这两个问题：位于纽约冷泉港的优生学记录办公室，由查尔斯·B·达文波特主持；位于柏林的威廉皇帝人类学、人类遗传与优生学研究所，由 Eugen Fischer 主持；以及位于莫斯科的马克西姆·高尔基医学遗传学研究所，由所罗门·G·列维特主持。这些机构将根据它们在优生学和医学遗传学研究的种类与质量、组织结构、领导层、赞助情况（私人或国家）以及它们运作所处的经济 - 社会 - 政治背景来进行比较。
