Marja Salmela MNSc RN Lecturer Health Care and Social Services, Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland.
J Adv Nurs. 2010 Jun;66(6):1222-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05287.x.
This paper is a report of a study of how 4- to 6-year-old children cope with their fears associated with hospitalization and how they explain their experiences.
Pre-school-aged children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of stress and fear during hospitalization. Children cope with their fears through problem-oriented, emotion-oriented, and function-oriented coping strategies. Even pre-school-aged children can express their emotions and expectations quite well orally. However, little is known about the coping strategies of 4- to 6-year-old children related to hospital fears and the meaning of coping for children.
A qualitative method was chosen using a purposive sample of 89 children. The data were gathered using semi-structured interviews from 2004 to 2006. The data were analysed using Colaizzi's method for phenomenological analysis.
The children's experiences of coping with hospital fears consisted of ten main clusters: pleasure, positive images, security, confidence, care, understanding the meaning of the situation, participating, asking for help, readjustment and protecting oneself. The coping strategies during hospitalization described by the children were familiar to them and part of their everyday lives.
It is important to observe and support the child's individual coping strategies. Pre-school-aged children need information and guidance to orientate themselves in unknown situations and to participate in decisions concerning their everyday life. Most of all, they need opportunities to play and experience pleasure. Children can also be taught coping strategies that give them an active, positive role.
本研究旨在探讨 4 至 6 岁儿童如何应对住院相关恐惧，以及他们如何解释自己的经历。
学龄前儿童在住院期间特别容易受到压力和恐惧的影响。儿童通过问题导向、情绪导向和功能导向的应对策略来应对恐惧。即使是学龄前儿童也可以很好地用口头表达他们的情绪和期望。然而，对于 4 至 6 岁儿童与住院恐惧相关的应对策略以及应对策略对儿童的意义，我们知之甚少。
采用目的抽样法选取 89 名儿童进行定性研究。2004 年至 2006 年期间采用半结构式访谈收集数据。使用 Colaizzi 的现象学分析方法对数据进行分析。
儿童应对住院恐惧的体验包括十个主要聚类：快乐、积极的形象、安全、自信、关怀、理解情况的意义、参与、寻求帮助、重新调整和保护自己。儿童描述的住院期间的应对策略对他们来说是熟悉的，也是他们日常生活的一部分。
观察和支持儿童的个体应对策略很重要。学龄前儿童需要信息和指导，以便在未知情况下定位自己，并参与与其日常生活相关的决策。最重要的是，他们需要有机会玩耍和体验快乐。还可以教导儿童应对策略，使他们扮演积极主动的角色。
