Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont MA, USA.
Neuroimage. 2010 Nov 1;53(2):412-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.043. Epub 2010 Jun 25.
Harsh corporal punishment (HCP) was defined as frequent parental administration of corporal punishment (CP) for discipline, with occasional use of objects such as straps, or paddles. CP is linked to increased risk for depression and substance abuse. We examine whether long-term exposure to HCP acts as sub-traumatic stressor that contributes to brain alterations, particularly in dopaminergic pathways, which may mediate their increased vulnerability to drug and alcohol abuse. Nineteen young adults who experienced early HCP but no other forms of maltreatment and twenty-three comparable controls were studied. T2 relaxation time (T2-RT) measurements were performed with an echo planar imaging TE stepping technique and T2 maps were calculated and analyzed voxel-by-voxel to locate regional T2-RT differences between groups. Previous studies indicated that T2-RT provides an indirect index of resting cerebral blood volume. Region of interest (ROI) analyses were also conducted in caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, thalamus, globus pallidus and cerebellar hemispheres. Voxel-based relaxometry showed that HCP was associated with increased T2-RT in right caudate and putamen. ROI analyses also revealed increased T2-RT in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, substantia nigra, thalamus and accumbens but not globus pallidus or cerebellum. There were significant associations between T2-RT measures in dopamine target regions and use of drugs and alcohol, and memory performance. Alteration in the paramagnetic or hemodynamic properties of dopaminergic cell body and projection regions were observed in subjects with HCP, and these findings may relate to their increased risk for drug and alcohol abuse.
严厉的体罚（HCP）被定义为父母经常因纪律原因对孩子进行体罚（CP），偶尔会使用皮带或木板等物品。CP 与抑郁和药物滥用风险增加有关。我们研究了长期暴露于 HCP 是否会作为亚创伤应激源，导致大脑发生变化，特别是在多巴胺能途径中，这可能会导致他们对药物和酒精滥用的易感性增加。研究了 19 名早期经历过 HCP 但没有其他形式虐待的年轻人和 23 名可比对照组。使用回波平面成像 TE 分步技术进行 T2 弛豫时间（T2-RT）测量，并计算和分析 T2 图以逐体素定位组间 T2-RT 差异的区域。先前的研究表明，T2-RT 提供了静息脑血流的间接指标。还在尾状核、壳核、伏隔核、前扣带回皮质、背外侧前额叶皮质、丘脑、苍白球和小脑半球中进行了感兴趣区（ROI）分析。体素基 relaxometry 显示 HCP 与右侧尾状核和壳核的 T2-RT 增加有关。ROI 分析还显示背外侧前额叶皮质、黑质、丘脑和伏隔核的 T2-RT 增加，但苍白球或小脑没有增加。在多巴胺靶区的 T2-RT 测量值与药物和酒精使用以及记忆表现之间存在显著相关性。在经历过 HCP 的受试者中，观察到多巴胺能细胞体和投射区的顺磁或血液动力学特性发生变化，这些发现可能与他们对药物和酒精滥用的易感性增加有关。
