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用于药物输送的机械化纳米颗粒。

Mechanised nanoparticles for drug delivery.

机构信息

Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.

出版信息

Nanoscale. 2009 Oct;1(1):16-39. doi: 10.1039/b9nr00162j. Epub 2009 Sep 4.

Abstract

Time and time again humanity is faced with a unifying global crisis that crosses the many great divides in different societies and serves to bring once segregated communities back together as a collective whole. This global community instinctively turns to science to develop the means of addressing its most pressing problems. More often than not, these forces dictate the direction that scientific research takes. This influence is no more apparent than in the field of supramolecular chemistry where, for decades now, its responsibility to tackle such issues has been put on the back burner as a consequence of a lack of platforms with which to deliver this contemporary brand of chemistry to meaningful applications. However, the tide is slowly turning as new materials emerge from the field of nanotechnology that are poised to host the many attractive attributes that are inherent in the chemistry of these supermolecules and also in the mechanostereochemistry of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), which can be reused as a sequel to supramolecular chemistry. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (SNPs) have proven to be supremely effective solid supports as their surfaces are easily functionalised with either supermolecules or MIMs. In turn, the blending of supramolecular chemistry and mechanostereochemistry with mesoporous SNPs has led to a new class of materials - namely, mechanised SNPs that are effectively biological nanoscale 'bombs' that have the potential to infiltrate cells and then, upon the pulling of a chemical trigger, explode! The development of these materials has been driven by the need to devise new therapies for the treatment of cancer. Recent progress in research promises not only to control the acuteness of this widespread and insidious disease, but also to make the harsh treatment less debilitating to patients. This global scourge is the unifying force that has brought together supramolecular chemistry, mechanostereochemistry and nanotechnology, uniting these three communities for the common good. At the nanoscale level, the mechanism for the release of cargos from the confines of the nanopores in the SNPs is accomplished by way of mechanical modifications made on the surface of these functionalised supports. These mechanical motions rely on both supramolecular, i.e., host-guest complexes, and mechanostereochemical phenomena (e.g., bistable rotaxanes), which are often stimulated by changes in pH, light and redox potentials, in addition to enzymatic catalysis. The future of this field lies in the development of 'smart bombs' wherein the loaded mechanised SNPs are endocytosed selectively by cancer cells, whereupon an intracellular trigger causes release of a cytotoxin, effectively leading to apoptosis. This review serves to highlight (1) the evolution of surface-functionalisation of SNPs with supermolecules and also with MIMs, (2) the mechanisms through which controlled-release of cargo from mechanised SNPs occurs, and (3) results from the in vitro application of these mechanised SNPs.

摘要

人类一次又一次地面临着全球性的危机,这些危机跨越了不同社会的许多重大分歧,促使曾经分离的社区重新团结成为一个整体。这个全球社区本能地转向科学,以开发解决其最紧迫问题的手段。这些力量往往决定了科学研究的方向。这种影响在超分子化学领域最为明显,几十年来,由于缺乏将这种现代化学应用于有意义的应用的平台,其解决这些问题的责任一直被搁置一旁。然而,随着纳米技术领域出现的新材料,这种情况正在慢慢改变,这些新材料有望承载这些超分子和机械互锁分子(MIMs)化学固有的许多吸引人的特性,并且可以作为超分子化学的后续重复使用。介孔硅纳米粒子(SNP)已被证明是非常有效的固体载体,因为它们的表面很容易与超分子或 MIM 官能化。反过来,将超分子化学和机械互锁化学与介孔 SNP 混合导致了一类新材料的出现,即机械 SNP,它实际上是具有生物纳米级“炸弹”潜力的物质,可以渗透细胞,然后在化学触发物的拉动下爆炸!这些材料的发展是为了为癌症治疗设计新的疗法。最近的研究进展不仅有望控制这种广泛而阴险的疾病的严重性,而且还使患者的治疗变得不那么虚弱。这种全球性的祸害是将超分子化学、机械互锁化学和纳米技术结合在一起的统一力量,将这三个社区团结起来,为共同的利益而努力。在纳米尺度上,从 SNP 纳米孔限制中释放货物的机制是通过对这些功能化载体表面进行机械修饰来实现的。这些机械运动依赖于超分子,即主体-客体配合物,以及机械互锁化学现象(例如双稳态轮烷),这些现象通常是由 pH 值、光和氧化还原电位的变化以及酶催化刺激引起的。该领域的未来在于开发“智能炸弹”,其中负载的机械 SNP 被癌细胞选择性内吞,然后细胞内触发物导致细胞毒素释放,有效地导致细胞凋亡。本综述旨在强调(1) SNP 与超分子和 MIM 表面功能化的演变,(2)从机械 SNP 中受控释放货物的机制,以及(3)这些机械 SNP 的体外应用结果。

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