University of Iceland, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hjardarhagi 2-6, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
Accid Anal Prev. 2010 Nov;42(6):1805-13. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2010.05.001. Epub 2010 May 31.
Crashes between pedestrians and motor vehicles are an important traffic safety concern. This paper explores the assignment of fault in such crashes, where observed factors are associated with pedestrian at fault, driver at fault, or both at fault. The analysis is based on police reported crash data for 1997 through 2000 in North Carolina, U.S.A. The results show that pedestrians are found at fault in 59% of the crashes, drivers in 32%, and both are found at fault in 9%. The results indicate drivers need to take greater notice of pedestrians when drivers are turning, merging, and backing up as these are some of the prime factors associated with the driver being found at fault in a crash. Pedestrians must apply greater caution when crossing streets, waiting to cross, and when walking along roads, as these are correlated with pedestrians being found at fault. The results suggest a need for campaigns focused on positively affecting pedestrian street-crossing behavior in combination with added jaywalking enforcement. The results also indicate that campaigns to increase the use of pedestrian visibility improvements at night can have a significant positive impact on traffic safety. Intoxication is a concern and the results show that it is not only driver intoxication that is affecting safety, but also pedestrian intoxication. The findings show in combination with other research in the field, that results from traffic safety studies are not necessarily transferable between distant geographic locations, and that location-specific safety research needs to take place. It is also important to further study the specific effects of the design of the pedestrian environment on safety, e.g. crosswalk spacing, signal timings, etc., which together may affect pedestrian safety and pedestrian behavior.
行人和机动车之间的碰撞是一个重要的交通安全问题。本文探讨了在这种碰撞中分配过错的问题，即观察到的因素与行人过错、驾驶员过错或双方过错有关。该分析基于美国北卡罗来纳州 1997 年至 2000 年的警方报告碰撞数据。结果表明，行人在 59%的碰撞中被认定有错，驾驶员在 32%的碰撞中被认定有错，双方都被认定有错的占 9%。结果表明，当驾驶员转弯、并道和倒车时，他们需要更加注意行人，因为这些是与驾驶员在碰撞中被认定有错相关的主要因素之一。行人在过马路、等待过马路和在道路上行走时，必须更加小心，因为这些与行人被认定有错有关。研究结果表明，需要开展以积极影响行人过街行为为重点的运动，并加强对乱穿马路的执法力度。研究结果还表明，增加夜间行人可见度改善的宣传活动可以对交通安全产生重大积极影响。醉酒是一个令人担忧的问题，结果表明，不仅是驾驶员醉酒会影响安全，行人醉酒也会影响安全。这些发现与该领域的其他研究相结合，表明交通安全研究的结果在不同地理位置之间不一定具有可转移性，需要进行特定地点的安全研究。进一步研究行人环境的具体设计对安全的影响也很重要，例如人行横道的间距、信号的定时等，这些因素可能共同影响行人的安全和行为。
