Psychologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2010 Aug;32(4):483-98. doi: 10.1123/jsep.32.4.483.
The home advantage is one of the best established phenomena in sports (Courneya & Carron, 1992), and crowd noise has been suggested as one of its determinants (Nevill & Holder, 1999). However, the psychological processes that mediate crowd noise influence and its contribution to the home advantage are still unclear. We propose that crowd noise correlates with the criteria referees have to judge. As crowd noise is a valid cue, referee decisions are strongly influenced by crowd noise. Yet, when audiences are not impartial, a home advantage arises. Using soccer as an exemplar, we show the relevance of this influence in predicting outcomes of real games via a database analysis. Then we experimentally demonstrate the influence of crowd noise on referees' yellow cards decisions in soccer. Finally, we discuss why the focus on referee decisions is useful, and how more experimental research could benefit investigations of the home advantage.
主场优势是体育界最著名的现象之一（Courneya 和 Carron，1992），而人群噪音被认为是其决定因素之一（Nevill 和 Holder，1999）。然而，调节人群噪音影响及其对主场优势贡献的心理过程仍不清楚。我们提出，人群噪音与裁判必须评判的标准相关。由于人群噪音是一个有效的线索，裁判的决定受到人群噪音的强烈影响。然而，当观众不公正时，主场优势就会出现。我们以足球为例，通过数据库分析展示了这种影响在预测真实比赛结果中的相关性。然后，我们通过实验证明了人群噪音对足球裁判黄牌决策的影响。最后，我们讨论了为什么关注裁判决策是有用的，以及更多的实验研究如何有助于对主场优势的研究。
