Department of Developmental Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;52(2):167-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02300.x. Epub 2010 Aug 23.
The presence of callous-unemotional (CU) features may delineate a severe and persistent form of conduct problems in children with unique developmental origins. Contextual risk factors such as poor parenting, delinquent peers, or neighborhood risk are believed to influence the development of conduct problems primarily in children with low levels of CU features. However, longitudinal studies examining the moderating effect of CU features on the relation between contextual risk factors and conduct problems trajectories in girls are rare.
Growth curve analysis was conducted using five annual measurements of oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) behaviors in a community sample of 1,233 girls aged 7-8 at study onset. The relation between contextual risk factors in multiple domains (i.e., family, peer, community) and trajectories of ODD/CD behaviors across time were examined for girls with differing levels of CU features.
Growth curve analysis indicated that CU features were associated with chronically high levels of ODD/CD symptoms over time. Low levels of parental warmth were also associated with chronically high levels of ODD/CD, and this effect was particularly pronounced for girls with high CU features. Exposure to harsh parenting was associated with higher ODD/CD behaviors for girls in childhood regardless of their level of CU features, but this effect dissipated over time.
Girls with elevated CU features who are exposed to low levels of parental warmth seem to exhibit particularly severe ODD/CD symptoms and should be targeted for intensive intervention in childhood.
冷酷-无情（CU）特征的存在可能划定了儿童行为问题中具有独特发展起源的严重和持久形式。人们认为，诸如不良养育、犯罪同伴或邻里风险等情境风险因素主要会影响低 CU 特征儿童行为问题的发展。然而，纵向研究检查 CU 特征对女孩中情境风险因素与行为问题轨迹之间关系的调节作用却很少见。
使用社区样本中 1233 名 7-8 岁女孩的 5 项年度对立违抗性障碍/品行障碍（ODD/CD）行为测量，进行了增长曲线分析。对于具有不同 CU 特征水平的女孩，检查了多个领域（即家庭、同伴、社区）的情境风险因素与 ODD/CD 行为轨迹随时间的关系。
增长曲线分析表明，CU 特征与随时间推移 ODD/CD 症状的慢性高水平相关。父母温暖程度低也与 ODD/CD 的慢性高水平相关，而对于 CU 特征高的女孩，这种影响尤为明显。无论其 CU 特征水平如何，遭受严厉养育的女孩的 ODD/CD 行为都会更高，但这种影响会随时间消散。
暴露于低水平父母温暖的 CU 特征升高的女孩似乎表现出特别严重的 ODD/CD 症状，应在儿童时期针对其进行强化干预。
