Department of Psychology, Universität Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
Dev Psychol. 2010 Sep;46(5):1268-82. doi: 10.1037/a0020209.
In hindsight, that is, after receiving the correct answers to difficult questions, people's recall of their own prior answers tends to be biased toward the correct answers. We tested 139 participants from 3 age groups (9- and 12-year-olds and adults) in a hindsight-bias paradigm and found that all groups showed hindsight bias. Multinomial model-based analyses indicated that all age groups used the correct answers to reconstruct their original answers. In addition, the youngest group showed memory impairment caused by the presentation of the correct answers as well as an increased belief that they knew the correct answers all along. These results support a multiprocess explanation of hindsight bias in children.
事后看来，也就是说，在收到难题的正确答案后，人们对自己先前答案的回忆往往会偏向正确答案。我们在事后偏见范式中测试了来自 3 个年龄组（9 岁、12 岁和成年人）的 139 名参与者，发现所有组都表现出事后偏见。基于多项式模型的分析表明，所有年龄组都使用正确答案来重构他们原来的答案。此外，最年轻的组表现出由呈现正确答案引起的记忆障碍，以及他们一直认为自己知道正确答案的信念增强。这些结果支持了儿童事后偏见的多过程解释。
