美国儿童和青少年能量、固体脂肪及添加糖的膳食来源。
Dietary sources of energy, solid fats, and added sugars among children and adolescents in the United States.
作者信息
Reedy Jill, Krebs-Smith Susan M
机构信息
Risk Factor Monitoring and Methods Branch, Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
出版信息
J Am Diet Assoc. 2010 Oct;110(10):1477-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.07.010.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this research was to identify top dietary sources of energy, solid fats, and added sugars among 2- to 18-year-olds in the United States.
METHODS
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional study, were used to examine food sources (percentage contribution and mean intake with standard errors) of total energy (data from 2005-2006) and energy from solid fats and added sugars (data from 2003-2004). Differences were investigated by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and family income, and the consumption of empty calories-defined as the sum of energy from solid fats and added sugars-was compared with the corresponding discretionary calorie allowance.
RESULTS
The top sources of energy for 2- to 18-year-olds were grain desserts (138 kcal/day), pizza (136 kcal/day), and soda (118 kcal/day). Sugar-sweetened beverages (soda and fruit drinks combined) provided 173 kcal/day. Major contributors varied by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and income. Nearly 40% of total energy consumed (798 of 2,027 kcal/day) by 2- to 18-year-olds were in the form of empty calories (433 kcal from solid fat and 365 kcal from added sugars). Consumption of empty calories far exceeded the corresponding discretionary calorie allowance for all sex-age groups (which range from 8% to 20%). Half of empty calories came from six foods: soda, fruit drinks, dairy desserts, grain desserts, pizza, and whole milk.
CONCLUSIONS
There is an overlap between the major sources of energy and empty calories: soda, grain desserts, pizza, and whole milk. The landscape of choices available to children and adolescents must change to provide fewer unhealthy foods and more healthy foods with less energy. Identifying top sources of energy and empty calories can provide targets for changes in the marketplace and food environment. However, product reformulation alone is not sufficient-the flow of empty calories into the food supply must be reduced.
目的
本研究的目的是确定美国2至18岁人群中能量、固体脂肪和添加糖的主要膳食来源。
方法
采用全国健康与营养检查调查（一项横断面研究）的数据，来研究总能量（2005 - 2006年数据）以及固体脂肪和添加糖提供的能量（2003 - 2004年数据）的食物来源（贡献百分比以及带标准误差的平均摄入量）。按年龄、性别、种族/族裔和家庭收入对差异进行了调查，并将被定义为固体脂肪和添加糖所含能量总和的空热量摄入量与相应的自由支配热量摄入量进行了比较。
结果
2至18岁人群的主要能量来源是谷物甜点（138千卡/天）、披萨（136千卡/天）和汽水（118千卡/天）。含糖饮料（汽水和果汁饮料合计）提供173千卡/天。主要贡献来源因年龄、性别、种族/族裔和收入而异。2至18岁人群所消耗的总能量中近40%（2027千卡/天中的798千卡）为空热量形式（433千卡来自固体脂肪，365千卡来自添加糖）。所有性别 - 年龄组的空热量摄入量远远超过相应的自由支配热量摄入量（范围为8%至20%）。一半的空热量来自六种食物：汽水、果汁饮料、乳类甜点、谷物甜点、披萨和全脂牛奶。
结论
能量的主要来源与空热量来源之间存在重叠：汽水、谷物甜点、披萨和全脂牛奶。必须改变儿童和青少年可选择食物的格局，以提供更少的不健康食品和更多能量较低的健康食品。确定能量和空热量的主要来源可为市场和食品环境的改变提供目标。然而，仅靠产品重新配方是不够的，必须减少空热量进入食品供应的流量。
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