American Medical Association, Chicago, IL 60654, USA.
Oncol Rep. 2010 Nov;24(5):1115-20. doi: 10.3892/or_00000962.
Male breast cancer (MBC) is extremely rare, with an incidence in the general US population of <1%. It tends to be diagnosed at later stages than breast cancer in females, likely because of low awareness on the part of the patient and low suspicion by the physician. Risk factors include genetic predisposition, alterations to the estrogen-testosterone ratio, radiation exposure, and occupational hazards. Because of the rarity of MBC, mammography in men is more often utilized as a diagnostic tool to evaluate breast symptoms rather than as a tool for widespread screening. While clinical breast examinations are effective at evaluating breast symptoms, mammography also may be beneficial in separating malignant from benign breast disease. This study reviews MBC and its risk factors, recommendations for screening and diagnosis, the roles of mammography and genetic testing in surveillance, and management of patients with MBC. Heightened awareness of the increased risk in certain men by both physicians and patients, and adherence to guidelines recommended for the surveillance of men at increased risk, may result in earlier detection.
男性乳腺癌（MBC）极为罕见，普通美国人群中的发病率<1%。与女性乳腺癌相比，MBC 往往在更晚期才被诊断出来，这可能是由于患者的意识较低，医生的怀疑较低。风险因素包括遗传易感性、雌激素-睾酮比例改变、辐射暴露和职业危害。由于 MBC 的罕见性，男性乳房 X 线摄影更多地被用作诊断工具来评估乳房症状，而不是作为广泛筛查的工具。虽然临床乳房检查在评估乳房症状方面非常有效，但乳房 X 线摄影也可能有助于区分恶性和良性乳房疾病。本研究回顾了 MBC 及其风险因素、筛查和诊断建议、乳房 X 线摄影和基因检测在监测中的作用以及 MBC 患者的管理。医生和患者对某些男性风险增加的认识提高，并遵循建议的指南对高危男性进行监测，可能会导致更早的发现。
