Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
Compr Psychiatry. 2010 Nov-Dec;51(6):618-29. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.03.005. Epub 2010 Apr 24.
The Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) was designed to assess behavior indicative of conscious derivatives of defensive styles. This study aimed to assess the factor structure and the main psychometric properties of its Greek version in 3 different samples.
The DSQ-88 was translated into Greek using back-translation, and it was administered to 2308 participants (984 healthy subjects, 1084 medical patients, and 240 psychiatric patients). Exploratory factor analyses were performed; Symptom Distress Checklist-90-R and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) ego strength scales were administered for testing criterion and concurrent validity, followed by hierarchical multiple regression analysis.
Four factors were identified, largely corresponding to the original version's maladaptive, image-distorting, self-sacrificing, and adaptive styles, showing a remarkable stability in all 3 samples. Adaptive style was positively correlated to ego strength, whereas maladaptive, image-distorting, and self-sacrificing styles were negatively correlated, in descending order. This, along with the intercorrelations observed between the 4 styles, provides evidence that this version supports the hierarchical organization of defensive functioning. Test-retest reliabilities were adequate for all styles (r(1i)'s = 0.88, 0.81, 0.77, and 0.81, respectively). Internal consistencies were satisfactory for maladaptive style (0.82), sufficient for self-sacrificing (0.76), and rather low for image-distorting (0.68) and adaptive (0.66) styles. Maladaptive, image-distorting, and self-sacrificing-but not adaptive-styles could differentiate nonpatients from psychiatric patients. Maladaptive style was positively and adaptive style was negatively independently associated with psychological distress.
The present findings support the applicability of the Greek version of DSQ-88 within the Greek population. Future studies could improve its psychometric properties by finding new items for image-distorting and, especially, adaptive styles.
防御风格问卷（DSQ）旨在评估行为指示有意识的防御风格的衍生物。本研究旨在评估其希腊语版本在 3 个不同样本中的因子结构和主要心理测量特性。
使用反向翻译将 DSQ-88 翻译成希腊语，并对 2308 名参与者（984 名健康受试者、1084 名医疗患者和 240 名精神科患者）进行了评估。进行了探索性因素分析；症状困扰检查表-90-R 和明尼苏达多相人格测验（MMPI）自我力量量表用于测试标准和同时效度，然后进行层次多重回归分析。
确定了 4 个因素，这些因素在很大程度上对应于原始版本的适应不良、图像扭曲、自我牺牲和适应风格，在所有 3 个样本中都具有显著的稳定性。适应风格与自我力量呈正相关，而适应不良、图像扭曲和自我牺牲风格呈负相关，依次递减。这与 4 种风格之间观察到的相互关系一起，为该版本支持防御功能的层次结构提供了证据。所有风格的重测信度均适中（r（1i）分别为 0.88、0.81、0.77 和 0.81）。适应不良风格的内部一致性令人满意（0.82），自我牺牲风格充足（0.76），图像扭曲风格和适应风格较低（0.68 和 0.66）。适应不良、图像扭曲和自我牺牲的风格，但不是适应的风格，可以将非患者与精神科患者区分开来。适应不良的风格与心理困扰呈正相关，而适应的风格与心理困扰呈负相关。
本研究结果支持希腊语版本的 DSQ-88 在希腊人群中的适用性。未来的研究可以通过为图像扭曲和特别是适应风格找到新的项目来提高其心理测量特性。
