Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2011 Jan;96(1):152-91. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.31746.
The first part of this review looks at the fundamental properties of hydroxyapatite (HAP), the basic mineral constituent of mammalian hard tissues, including the physicochemical features that govern its formation by precipitation. A special emphasis is placed on the analysis of qualities of different methods of synthesis and of the phase transformations intrinsic to the formation of HAP following precipitation from aqueous solutions. This serves as an introduction to the second part and the main subject of this review, which relates to the discourse regarding the prospects of fabrication of ultrafine, nanosized particles based on calcium phosphate carriers with various therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents coated on and/or encapsulated within the particles. It is said that the particles could be either surface-functionalized with amphiphiles, peptides, proteins, or nucleic acids or injected with therapeutic agents, magnetic ions, or fluorescent molecules. Depending on the additive, they could be subsequently used for a variety of applications, including the controlled delivery and release of therapeutic agents (extracellularly or intracellularly), magnetic resonance imaging and hyperthermia therapy, cell separation, blood detoxification, peptide or oligonucleotide chromatography and ultrasensitive detection of biomolecules, and in vivo and in vitro gene transfection. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles as carriers of therapeutic agents that would enable a controlled drug release to treat a given bone infection and at the same be resorbed in the body so as to regenerate hard tissue lost to disease are emphasized hereby as one of the potentially attractive smart materials for the modern medicine.
这篇综述的第一部分探讨了羟磷灰石（HAP）的基本特性，HAP 是哺乳动物硬组织的基本矿物成分，包括控制其沉淀形成的物理化学特性。特别强调了对不同合成方法的质量分析，以及在水溶液中沉淀形成 HAP 时固有的相转变。这是第二部分和本综述主要内容的介绍，涉及到关于基于钙磷酸盐载体制造超细微粒和纳米粒子的前景的讨论，这些载体可以涂覆和/或封装各种治疗和/或诊断剂。据称，这些粒子可以通过亲脂性物质、肽、蛋白质或核酸进行表面功能化，或者注入治疗剂、磁性离子或荧光分子。根据添加剂的不同，它们可以随后用于各种应用，包括治疗剂的控制释放（细胞外或细胞内）、磁共振成像和热疗、细胞分离、血液解毒、肽或寡核苷酸色谱和生物分子的超灵敏检测以及体内和体外基因转染。钙磷酸盐纳米粒子作为治疗剂的载体，能够实现控制药物释放以治疗特定的骨感染，同时在体内被吸收以再生因疾病而丧失的硬组织，被强调为现代医学中一种有吸引力的智能材料。
