Ambulanz für Spielsucht, Klinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Strasse 8, Mainz, Germany.
Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011 May;14(5):291-6. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0199. Epub 2010 Nov 10.
In our study, we attempted to identify systematically the use of Internet applications in the German population in order to derive risk factors for problematic use. In a representative survey of the German population, we queried 1,401 women and 1,111 men between the ages of 14 and 94 years by specific questions and standardized questionnaires on depression, anxiety (HADS), and depersonalization (CDS-2). The majority of the German population (55%) used the Internet in their leisure time. Users were younger and had a higher socioeconomic status (education, employment, income). Leisure-time use included e-mail and information search, as well as shopping. Chatting, online communities, games and sex were domains of young, mostly male adults. Overall, 9.3% reported at least one negative consequence of Internet use, especially neglect of recreational activities and problems with family/partner, work or education, and health. Problematic use was associated with longer average daily online times, avoidance of negative emotions, preference for certain applications (gaming, gambling, online sex) and an increased rate of depersonalization. The extent of Internet use per se is not sufficient as an addiction criterion and other negative consequences; rather, specific adverse consequences need to be identified. If the Internet is used excessively to cope with negative affect states and alternative means of coping (e.g., social support, health-promoting behavior) are diminished, a vicious cycle may ensue with increasing stress and reliance on the reinforcing properties of certain online activities that may finally lead to addictive behavior.
在我们的研究中，我们试图系统地确定德国人群中互联网应用的使用情况，以便得出有问题使用的风险因素。我们通过特定的问题和抑郁、焦虑（HADS）和人格解体（CDS-2）的标准化问卷，对 1401 名女性和 1111 名年龄在 14 至 94 岁之间的男性进行了一项具有代表性的德国人群调查。德国人群的大多数（55%）在闲暇时间使用互联网。用户更年轻，社会经济地位更高（教育、就业、收入）。休闲时间的使用包括电子邮件和信息搜索，以及购物。聊天、在线社区、游戏和性是年轻、主要是成年男性的领域。总体而言，9.3%的人报告了至少一个互联网使用的负面影响，尤其是忽视娱乐活动以及与家庭/伴侣、工作或教育和健康有关的问题。有问题的使用与平均每天在线时间较长、避免负面情绪、对某些应用程序（游戏、赌博、在线性）的偏好以及人格解体的发生率增加有关。互联网使用本身的程度不足以作为成瘾标准和其他负面影响；相反，需要确定具体的不利后果。如果互联网被过度用于应对负面情绪状态，而替代的应对方式（例如，社会支持、促进健康的行为）减少，那么可能会出现一个恶性循环，导致压力增加，对某些在线活动的强化特性的依赖增加，最终可能导致成瘾行为。
