Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Nov;1212:114-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05800.x. Epub 2010 Nov 11.
The hypothalamic control of hepatic glucose production is an evident aspect of energy homeostasis. In addition to the control of glucose metabolism by the circadian timing system, the hypothalamus also serves as a key relay center for (humoral) feedback information from the periphery, with the important role for hypothalamic leptin receptors as a striking example. The hypothalamic biological clock uses its projections to the preautonomic hypothalamic neurons to control the daily rhythms in plasma glucose concentration, glucose uptake, and insulin sensitivity. Euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp experiments combined with either sympathetic-, parasympathetic-, or sham-denervations of the autonomic input to the liver have further delineated the hypothalamic pathways that mediate the control of the circadian timing system over glucose metabolism. In addition, these experiments clearly showed both that next to the biological clock peripheral hormones may "use" the preautonomic neurons in the hypothalamus to affect hepatic glucose metabolism, and that similar pathways may be involved in the control of lipid metabolism in liver and white adipose tissue.
下丘脑对肝葡萄糖生成的控制是能量平衡的一个明显方面。除了昼夜节律系统对葡萄糖代谢的控制外，下丘脑还是来自外周的（体液）反馈信息的关键中继中心，以瘦素受体在其中的重要作用为例。下丘脑生物钟利用其投射到自主前下丘脑神经元的投射来控制血浆葡萄糖浓度、葡萄糖摄取和胰岛素敏感性的日常节律。在对肝脏的自主传入进行交感神经、副交感神经或假去神经支配的同时，进行正常血糖、高胰岛素钳夹实验，进一步描绘了介导昼夜节律系统对葡萄糖代谢控制的下丘脑途径。此外，这些实验清楚地表明，除了生物钟外，外周激素可能“利用”下丘脑的自主前神经元来影响肝葡萄糖代谢，并且类似的途径可能参与肝脏和白色脂肪组织中脂质代谢的控制。
