MARCS Auditory Laboratories, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 1797, Australia.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2011 Apr;108(4):693-712. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.07.008. Epub 2010 Nov 18.
The psycholinguistic status of lexical tones and phones is indexed via phonological and tonological awareness (PA and TA, respectively) using Thai speech. In Experiment 1 (Thai participants, alphabetic script and orthographically explicit phones/tones), PA was better than TA in children and primary school-educated adults, and TA improved to PA levels only in tertiary-educated adults. In Experiment 2 (Cantonese participants, logographic script and no orthographically explicit phones/tones), children and primary-educated adults had better PA than TA, and PA and TA were equivalent in tertiary-educated adults, but were nevertheless still below the level of their Thai counterparts. Experiment 3 (English-language participants, alphabetic script and nontonal) showed better PA than TA. Regression analyses showed that both TA and PA are predicted by reading ability for Thai children but by general nonorthographic age-related variables for Cantonese children, whereas for English children reading ability predicts PA but not TA. The results show a phone>tone perceptual advantage over both age and languages that is affected by availability of orthographically relevant information and metalinguistic maturity. More generally, both the perception and the psycholinguistic representation of phones and tones differ.
通过使用泰语语音，对词汇音调和音位的心理语言学状态进行了索引，分别使用了语音和声调意识（PA 和 TA）。在实验 1（泰国参与者，字母脚本和明确的语音/音位）中，儿童和小学教育成年人的 PA 优于 TA，而只有受过高等教育的成年人的 TA 提高到 PA 水平。在实验 2（粤语参与者，表意文字脚本和没有明确的语音/音位）中，儿童和小学教育成年人的 PA 优于 TA，而受过高等教育的成年人的 PA 和 TA 则相等，但仍然低于泰国人的水平。实验 3（英语参与者，字母脚本和非声调）显示出比 TA 更好的 PA。回归分析表明，阅读能力既可以预测泰国儿童的 TA，也可以预测他们的 PA，但不能预测粤语儿童的 PA 和 TA，而阅读能力仅能预测英语儿童的 PA。结果表明，在年龄和语言方面，语音比音调具有感知优势，这受到与拼写相关信息的可用性和元语言成熟度的影响。更一般地说，语音和音调的感知和心理语言学表示都不同。
