Health Studies Branch, Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
J Safety Res. 2010 Dec;41(6):471-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2010.09.001. Epub 2010 Oct 13.
Heat illness is a leading cause of death and disability among U.S. high school athletes.
To examine the incidence and characteristics of heat illness among high school athletes, CDC analyzed data from the National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance Study for the period 2005-2009.
During 2005-2009, the 100 schools sampled reported a total of 118 heat illnesses among high school athletes resulting in ≥1day of time lost from athletic activity, a rate of 1.6 per 100,000 athlete-exposures, and an average of 29.5 time-loss heat illnesses per school year. The average corresponds to a weighted average annual estimate of 9,237 illnesses nationwide. The highest rate of time-loss heat illness was among football players, 4.5 per 100,000 athlete-exposures, a rate 10 times higher than the average rate (0.4) for the eight other sports. Time-loss heat illnesses occurred most frequently during August (66.3%) and while practicing or playing football (70.7%). No deaths were reported.
Consistent with guidelines from the National Athletic Trainers' Association, to reduce the risk for heat illness, high school athletic programs should implement heat-acclimatization guidelines (e.g., set limits on summer practice duration and intensity). All athletes, coaches, athletic trainers, and parents/guardians should be aware of the risk factors for heat illness, follow recommended strategies, and be prepared to respond quickly to symptoms of illness. Coaches also should continue to stress to their athletes the importance of maintaining proper hydration before, during, and after sports activities.
By implementing preventive recommendations and quickly recognizing and responding to heat illness, coaches, athletic trainers, and the sporting community can prevent future deaths.
热疾病是导致美国高中生运动员死亡和残疾的主要原因。
为了研究高中生运动员热疾病的发病率和特征，疾病预防控制中心分析了 2005-2009 年全国高中运动相关伤害监测研究的数据。
在 2005-2009 年期间，抽样的 100 所学校报告了 118 例高中生运动员的热疾病，导致运动活动损失≥1 天，发病率为每 10 万运动员暴露 1.6 例，平均每所学校每年损失 29.5 例热疾病。这一数字相当于全国每年 9237 例疾病的加权平均估计数。受伤损失热疾病发病率最高的是足球运动员，每 10 万运动员暴露 4.5 例，是其他八项运动平均发病率（0.4）的 10 倍。受伤损失热疾病最常发生在 8 月（66.3%）和练习或踢足球时（70.7%）。没有报告死亡病例。
与国家运动训练员协会的指南一致，为了降低热疾病的风险，高中体育项目应实施热适应指南（例如，限制夏季训练的持续时间和强度）。所有运动员、教练、运动训练员和家长/监护人都应该了解热疾病的风险因素，遵循建议的策略，并准备快速应对疾病症状。教练还应继续向运动员强调在体育活动前后保持适当水合的重要性。
通过实施预防建议并迅速识别和应对热疾病，教练、运动训练员和体育界可以预防未来的死亡。
