Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Ambio. 2010 Dec;39(8):546-54. doi: 10.1007/s13280-010-0071-y.
A multi-scaled model for biodiversity conservation in forests was introduced in Sweden 30 years ago, which makes it a pioneer example of an integrated ecosystem approach. Trees are set aside for biodiversity purposes at multiple scale levels varying from individual trees to areas of thousands of hectares, with landowner responsibility at the lowest level and with increasing state involvement at higher levels. Ecological theory supports the multi-scaled approach, and retention efforts at every harvest occasion stimulate landowners' interest in conservation. We argue that the model has large advantages but that in a future with intensified forestry and global warming, development based on more progressive thinking is necessary to maintain and increase biodiversity. Suggestions for the future include joint planning for several forest owners, consideration of cost-effectiveness, accepting opportunistic work models, adjusting retention levels to stand and landscape composition, introduction of temporary reserves, creation of "receiver habitats" for species escaping climate change, and protection of young forests.
30 年前，瑞典提出了一个森林生物多样性保护的多尺度模型，这使其成为综合生态系统方法的先驱范例。树木被预留用于生物多样性保护，保护范围涵盖从单棵树到数千公顷的区域，土地所有者承担着最基础的责任，而国家的参与程度则随着尺度的增大而逐渐提高。生态理论支持这种多尺度方法，并且在每次收获时进行的保留措施激发了土地所有者对保护的兴趣。我们认为该模型具有很大的优势，但在未来森林产业集约化和全球变暖的背景下，为了维持和增加生物多样性，基于更先进思维的发展是必要的。未来的建议包括几个森林所有者的联合规划、考虑成本效益、接受机会主义工作模式、根据林分和景观组成调整保留水平、引入临时保护区、为逃避气候变化的物种创造“接收栖息地”，以及保护幼林。
