Okubo Hitomi, Sasaki Satoshi, Murakami Kentaro, Takahashi Yoshiko
Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(4):555-63.
Information on nutritional adequacy and inadequacy of dietary patterns is useful when making practical dietary recommendations. We examined nutritional inadequacy of dietary patterns among 3756 Japanese female dietetic students aged 18-20 years. Diet was assessed with a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ). Dietary patterns were determined from intakes of 33 food groups summarized from 147 foods assessed with DHQ, by cluster analysis. Nutritional inadequacy for the selected 21 nutrients in each dietary pattern was examined using the reference values given in the Dietary Reference Intakes for the Japanese (DRIs) as the gold standard. Four dietary patterns identified were labeled 'fish and vegetables' (n=697), 'meat and eggs' (n=1008), 'rice' (n=1041), and 'bread and confectionaries' (n=1010) patterns. The 'fish and vegetables' pattern, characterized by high intakes of vegetables, potatoes, pulses, fruits, fish, and dairy products, showed significantly the lowest percentage of subjects with inadequate intakes for 15 nutrients, except for the highest prevalence in sodium. In contrast, 'bread and confectionaries' pattern, characterized by high intakes of bread, confectionaries, and soft drinks, showed the highest prevalence of inadequate intakes for nine nutrients. The median number of nutrients not meeting the DRIs as a marker of overall nutritional inadequacy was five in 'fish and vegetables' pattern. It was significantly lower than nine both in 'meat and eggs' and 'rice', and 10 in 'bread and confectionaries' patterns (p<0.001). A dietary pattern high in vegetables, fruits, fish, and some others showed better profile of nutritional adequacy except for sodium in young Japanese women.
在制定实际的饮食建议时，了解饮食模式的营养充足与不足情况很有用。我们调查了3756名18至20岁的日本女性营养学专业学生的饮食模式营养不足情况。通过一份经过验证的自填式饮食史问卷（DHQ）评估饮食情况。根据用DHQ评估的147种食物汇总出的33个食物组的摄入量，通过聚类分析确定饮食模式。以《日本膳食参考摄入量》（DRIs）中给出的参考值作为金标准，检查每种饮食模式中所选21种营养素的营养不足情况。确定的四种饮食模式分别标记为“鱼类和蔬菜”模式（n = 697）、“肉类和蛋类”模式（n = 1008）、“米饭”模式（n = 1041）和“面包和糖果”模式（n = 1010）。“鱼类和蔬菜”模式的特点是蔬菜、土豆、豆类、水果、鱼类和乳制品摄入量高，除钠摄入量不足的患病率最高外，15种营养素摄入量不足的受试者比例显著最低。相比之下，“面包和糖果”模式的特点是面包、糖果和软饮料摄入量高，9种营养素摄入量不足的患病率最高。作为整体营养不足标志的未达到DRIs的营养素中位数，“鱼类和蔬菜”模式为5种。这显著低于“肉类和蛋类”模式及“米饭”模式的9种，以及“面包和糖果”模式的10种（p<0.001）。对于年轻日本女性，除钠外，富含蔬菜、水果、鱼类和其他一些食物的饮食模式显示出更好的营养充足状况。
