Ceci Stephen J, Williams Wendy M
Cornell University.
Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2010 Oct 1;19(5):275-279. doi: 10.1177/0963721410383241.
Despite impressive employment gains in many fields of science, women remain underrepresented in fields requiring intensive use of mathematics. Here we discuss three potential explanations for women's underrepresentation: (a) male-female mathematical and spatial ability gaps, (b) sex discrimination, and (c) sex differences in career preferences and lifestyle choices. Synthesizing findings from psychology, endocrinology, sociology, economics, and education leads to the conclusion that, among a combination of interrelated factors, preferences and choices-both freely made and constrained-are the most significant cause of women's underrepresentation.
尽管在许多科学领域就业人数有显著增加，但在需要大量使用数学的领域中，女性的代表性仍然不足。在此，我们讨论女性代表性不足的三种潜在解释：（a）男女在数学和空间能力上的差距；（b）性别歧视；（c）职业偏好和生活方式选择上的性别差异。综合心理学、内分泌学、社会学、经济学和教育学的研究结果得出结论，在一系列相互关联的因素中，偏好和选择——无论是自由做出的还是受到限制的——是女性代表性不足的最重要原因。
