University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Psychol Sci. 2011 Jan;22(1):134-41. doi: 10.1177/0956797610392929. Epub 2010 Dec 14.
The current research investigated whether mind-sets and contexts that afford a focus on self-other differences can facilitate perceptual and conceptual forms of perspective taking. Supporting this hypothesis, results showed that directly priming a difference mind-set made perceivers more likely to spontaneously adopt other people's visual perspectives (Experiment 1) and less likely to overimpute their own privileged knowledge to others (Experiments 2 and 3). Given that intergroup encounters typically evoke a difference mind-set, we also explored the possibility that such contexts might help perceivers to step outside their own perspectives. As predicted, perceivers were less "cursed" by their own privileged knowledge when mentalizing about out-group targets than when mentalizing about in-group targets (Experiment 4) and communicated more effectively with interaction partners whose minimal-group membership differed from their own (Experiment 5). Overall, acknowledging self-other differences allowed perceivers to look beyond the limits of their own perspectives and thereby provided an efficacious route to intuiting other people's minds.
当前的研究调查了强调自我-他人差异的心态和环境是否能够促进感知和概念层面的换位思考。支持这一假设的结果表明，直接启动差异心态会使观察者更有可能自发地采用他人的视觉视角（实验 1），并且不太可能将自己的特权知识过度归因于他人（实验 2 和 3）。鉴于群体间的相遇通常会引起差异心态，我们也探讨了这种情况是否有助于观察者超越自己的视角。正如所预测的那样，当思考外群体目标时，观察者不会像思考内群体目标时那样受到自己特权知识的“诅咒”（实验 4），并且与与自己的最小群体成员不同的互动伙伴进行更有效的沟通（实验 5）。总的来说，承认自我-他人差异可以让观察者超越自己视角的限制，从而为直觉他人思维提供了一种有效的途径。
