Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
Int J Toxicol. 2010 Nov-Dec;29(6 Suppl):274S-87. doi: 10.1177/1091581810385957.
Hydroquinone is an aromatic compound that functions in cosmetics as an antioxidant, fragrance, reducing agent, or polymerization inhibitor. Hydroquinone is also used as a skin bleaching agent. Safety and toxicity information indicate that hydroquinone is dermally absorbed in humans from both aqueous and alcoholic formulations and is excreted mainly as the glucuronide or sulfate conjugates. Hydroquinone is associated with altered immune function in vitro and in vivo in animals and an increased incidence of renal tubule cell tumors and leukemia in F344 rats, but the relevance to humans is uncertain. Quantitatively, however, the use of hydroquinone in cosmetics is unlikely to result in renal neoplasia through this mode of action. Thus, hydroquinone is safe at concentrations of ≤1% in hair dyes and is safe for use in nail adhesives. Hydroquinone should not be used in other leave-on cosmetics.
对苯二酚是一种芳香族化合物，在化妆品中用作抗氧化剂、香料、还原剂或聚合抑制剂。对苯二酚也被用作皮肤漂白剂。安全性和毒性信息表明，对苯二酚可以从水相和醇相制剂中经皮吸收到人体中，并主要以葡萄糖醛酸或硫酸盐结合物的形式排泄。对苯二酚在动物体内和体外与免疫功能改变有关，并增加 F344 大鼠肾小管细胞肿瘤和白血病的发生率，但与人类的相关性尚不确定。然而，从数量上看，对苯二酚在化妆品中的使用不太可能通过这种作用模式导致肾肿瘤。因此，对苯二酚在染发剂中的浓度≤1%时是安全的，在指甲胶中使用也是安全的。对苯二酚不应在其他停留型化妆品中使用。
