Cravo Andre M, Claessens Peter M E, Baldo Marcus V C
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2011 Jan;136(1):157-66. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.11.005. Epub 2010 Dec 24.
Previous studies have documented a subjective temporal attraction between actions and their effects. This finding, named intentional binding, is thought to be the result of a cognitive function that links actions to their consequences. Although several studies have tried to outline the necessary and sufficient conditions for intentional binding, a quantitative comparison between the roles of temporal contiguity, predictability and voluntary action and the evaluation of their interactions is difficult due to the high variability of the temporal binding measurements. In the present study, we used a novel methodology to investigate the properties of intentional binding. Subjects judged whether an auditory stimulus, which could either be triggered by a voluntary finger lift or be presented after a visual temporal marker unrelated to any action, was presented synchronously with a reference stimulus. In three experiments, the predictability, the interval between action and consequence and the presence of action itself were manipulated. The results indicate that (1) action is a necessary condition for temporal binding; (2) a fixed interval between the two events is not sufficient to cause the effect and (3) only in the presence of voluntary action do temporal predictability and contiguity play a significant role in modulating the effect.These findings are discussed in the context of the relationship between intentional binding and temporal expectation.
以往的研究已经记录了动作与其效果之间存在主观的时间吸引。这一发现被称为意向性联结，被认为是一种将动作与其后果联系起来的认知功能的结果。尽管有几项研究试图勾勒出意向性联结的必要和充分条件，但由于时间联结测量的高度变异性，很难对时间接近性、可预测性和自主动作的作用进行定量比较，也难以评估它们之间的相互作用。在本研究中，我们使用了一种新颖的方法来研究意向性联结的特性。受试者判断一个听觉刺激是与一个参考刺激同时呈现，该听觉刺激要么由自主的手指抬起触发，要么在与任何动作无关的视觉时间标记之后呈现。在三个实验中，对可预测性、动作与后果之间的间隔以及动作本身的存在进行了操控。结果表明：（1）动作是时间联结的必要条件；（2）两个事件之间的固定间隔不足以产生这种效果；（3）只有在自主动作存在的情况下，时间可预测性和接近性才会在调节这种效果方面发挥重要作用。这些发现将在意向性联结与时间期望之间的关系背景下进行讨论。
