Blazer V S, Iwanowicz L R, Starliper C E, Iwanowicz D D, Barbash P, Hedrick J D, Reeser S J, Mullican J E, Zaugg S D, Burkhardt M R, Kelble J
U.S. Geological Survey, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, USA.
J Aquat Anim Health. 2010 Sep;22(3):190-218. doi: 10.1577/H10-002.1.
Skin lesions and spring mortality events of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu and selected other species were first noted in the South Branch of the Potomac River in 2002. Since that year morbidity and mortality have also been observed in the Shenandoah and Monocacy rivers. Despite much research, no single pathogen, parasite, or chemical cause for the lesions and mortality has been identified. Numerous parasites, most commonly trematode metacercariae and myxozoans; the bacterial pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, and Flavobacterium columnare; and largemouth bass virus have all been observed. None have been consistently isolated or observed at all sites, however, nor has any consistent microscopic pathology of the lesions been observed. A variety of histological changes associated with exposure to environmental contaminants or stressors, including intersex (testicular oocytes), high numbers of macrophage aggregates, oxidative damage, gill lesions, and epidermal papillomas, were observed. The findings indicate that selected sensitive species may be stressed by multiple factors and constantly close to the threshold between a sustainable (healthy) and nonsustainable (unhealthy) condition. Fish health is often used as an indicator of aquatic ecosystem health, and these findings raise concerns about environmental degradation within the Potomac River drainage. Unfortunately, while much information has been gained from the studies conducted to date, due to the multiple state jurisdictions involved, competing interests, and other issues, there has been no coordinated approach to identifying and mitigating the stressors. This synthesis emphasizes the need for multiyear, interdisciplinary, integrative research to identify the underlying stressors and possible management actions to enhance ecosystem health.
2002年，在波托马克河南支首次发现小口黑鲈（Micropterus dolomieu）及其他一些选定物种出现皮肤病变和春季死亡事件。自那一年起，在谢南多厄河和莫诺卡西河中也观察到了发病和死亡情况。尽管进行了大量研究，但尚未确定导致这些病变和死亡的单一病原体、寄生虫或化学原因。已观察到众多寄生虫，最常见的是吸虫囊蚴和粘孢子虫；细菌性病原体嗜水气单胞菌、杀鲑气单胞菌和柱状黄杆菌；以及大口黑鲈病毒。然而，在所有地点均未持续分离或观察到这些病原体，病变也未观察到一致的微观病理学特征。观察到了与接触环境污染物或应激源相关的各种组织学变化，包括雌雄同体（睾丸卵母细胞）、大量巨噬细胞聚集、氧化损伤、鳃病变和表皮乳头状瘤。研究结果表明，选定的敏感物种可能受到多种因素的压力，并且一直接近可持续（健康）和不可持续（不健康）状态之间的阈值。鱼类健康常被用作水生生态系统健康的指标，这些发现引发了对波托马克河流域环境退化的担忧。不幸的是，尽管迄今为止的研究已获得了大量信息，但由于涉及多个州辖区、利益冲突及其他问题，尚未有协调一致的方法来识别和减轻这些应激源。本综述强调需要开展多年期、跨学科、综合性研究，以确定潜在的应激源以及可能的管理行动，以增强生态系统健康。
