Boothroyd Arthur
Speech and Hearing Sciences, City University of New York, USA.
J Am Acad Audiol. 2010 Oct;21(9):601-11. doi: 10.3766/jaaa.21.9.6.
Changed hearing occurs when sensorineural loss is acquired or increases, when hearing aids or cochlear implants are first acquired, when hearing aids are reprogrammed, and when cochlear implants are remapped. The changes affect speech perception-a process in which decisions about a talker's language output are made on the basis of sensory and contextual evidence, using knowledge and skill. The importance of spoken communication dictates speedy and optimal adaptation to changed hearing. Adaptation is a process in which the individual acquires new knowledge and modifies skill. Formal training provides the listener with the opportunity to enhance both knowledge and skill by spending time on speech perception tasks without the demands, constraints, uncertainties, and risks associated with everyday communication. Benefits of such training have been demonstrated in terms of improvement on trained tasks and talkers, generalization to untrained tasks and talkers, improvements in self-perceived competence, and reduction of self-perceived handicap. So far, however, we lack information on which aspects of training are responsible for benefit, which aspects of perception are changed, how individual differences interact with the foregoing, and whether these benefits translate into significantly increased participation and quality of life.
当获得感音神经性听力损失或听力损失加重时，当首次佩戴助听器或人工耳蜗时，当重新调整助听器程序时，以及当重新映射人工耳蜗时，听力都会发生变化。这些变化会影响言语感知——这是一个基于感官和上下文证据，运用知识和技能对说话者的语言输出做出判断的过程。口语交流的重要性决定了要迅速且最佳地适应听力变化。适应是一个个体获取新知识并改进技能的过程。正规训练为听者提供了机会，通过花时间进行言语感知任务来增强知识和技能，而无需面对日常交流中存在的要求、限制、不确定性和风险。此类训练的益处已在经过训练的任务和说话者方面的改善、对未训练任务和说话者的推广、自我感知能力的提高以及自我感知障碍的减轻等方面得到了证明。然而，到目前为止，我们缺乏关于训练的哪些方面带来了益处、感知的哪些方面发生了变化、个体差异如何与上述情况相互作用，以及这些益处是否转化为参与度和生活质量的显著提高等方面的信息。
