INSERM-UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
Biochem Pharmacol. 2011 May 15;81(10):1171-82. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.02.011. Epub 2011 Mar 1.
Cell secretion is a general process involved in various biological responses. Exosomes are part of this process and have gained considerable scientific interest in the past five years. Several steps through investigations across the last 20 years can explain this interest. First characterized during reticulocyte maturation, they were next evidenced as a key player in the immune response and cancer immunotherapy. More recently they were reported as vectors of mRNAs, miRNAs and also lipid mediators able to act on target cells. They are the only type of vesicles released from an intracellular compartment from cells in viable conditions. They appear as a vectorized signaling system operating from inside a donor cell towards either the periphery, the cytosol, or possibly to the nucleus of target cells. Exosomes from normal cells trigger positive effects, whereas those from pathological ones, such as tumor cells or infected ones may trigger non-positive health effects. Therefore regulating the biogenesis and secretion of exosomes appear as a pharmacological challenge to intervene in various pathophysiologies. Exosome biogenesis and molecular content, interaction with target cells, utilisation as biomarkers, and functional effects in various pathophysiologies are considered in this review.
细胞分泌是一种涉及各种生物学反应的普遍过程。外泌体是这个过程的一部分，在过去五年中引起了相当大的科学兴趣。通过过去 20 年的研究，可以解释这种兴趣的几个步骤。外泌体最初在网织红细胞成熟过程中被描述，随后被证明是免疫反应和癌症免疫治疗的关键因素。最近，它们被报道为能够作用于靶细胞的 mRNAs、miRNAs 和脂质介质的载体。它们是唯一一种能够从活细胞的细胞内隔室释放的囊泡。它们作为一种载体信号系统，从供体细胞内部向细胞外、细胞质或靶细胞的核内发挥作用。正常细胞的外泌体引发积极的影响，而来自病理细胞的外泌体，如肿瘤细胞或受感染的细胞，可能引发非积极的健康影响。因此，调节外泌体的生物发生和分泌似乎是一种药理学挑战，可以干预各种病理生理学。本文综述了外泌体的生物发生和分子内容、与靶细胞的相互作用、作为生物标志物的利用以及在各种病理生理学中的功能效应。
