Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, Department of Periodontology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
J Breath Res. 2010 Mar;4(1):017003. doi: 10.1088/1752-7155/4/1/017003. Epub 2010 Mar 2.
Halitosis can be subdivided into intra-oral and extra-oral halitosis, depending on the place where it originates. Most reports now agree that the most frequent sources of halitosis exist within the oral cavity and include bacterial reservoirs such as the dorsum of the tongue, saliva and periodontal pockets, where anaerobic bacteria degrade sulfur-containing amino acids to produce the foul smelling volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), especially hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and methyl mercaptan (CH(3)SH). Tongue coating is considered to be the most important source of VSCs. Oral malodor can now be treated effectively. Special attention in this overview is given to extra-oral halitosis. Extra-oral halitosis can be subdivided into non-blood-borne halitosis, such as halitosis from the upper respiratory tract including the nose and from the lower respiratory tract, and blood-borne halitosis. The majority of patients with extra-oral halitosis have blood-borne halitosis. Blood-borne halitosis is also frequently caused by odorous VSCs, in particular dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3). Extra-oral halitosis, covering about 5-10% of all cases of halitosis, might be a manifestation of a serious disease for which treatment is much more complicated than for intra-oral halitosis. It is therefore of utmost importance to differentiate between intra-oral and extra-oral halitosis. Differences between intra-oral and extra-oral halitosis are discussed extensively. The importance of applying odor characterization of various odorants in halitosis research is also highlighted in this article. The use of the odor index, odor threshold values and simulation of bad breath samples is explained.
口臭可分为口源性口臭和非口源性口臭，这取决于其来源的位置。现在大多数报告都认为口臭最常见的来源存在于口腔内，包括细菌储存库，如舌背、唾液和牙周袋，其中厌氧菌将含硫氨基酸降解为产生恶臭挥发性硫化合物（VSCs），特别是硫化氢（H2S）和甲硫醇（CH3SH）。舌苔被认为是 VSCs 的最重要来源。现在可以有效地治疗口腔异味。本篇综述特别关注非口源性口臭。非口源性口臭可分为非血源性口臭，如来自上呼吸道（包括鼻腔）和下呼吸道的口臭，以及血源性口臭。大多数非口源性口臭患者都有血源性口臭。血源性口臭也常常由有臭味的 VSCs 引起，特别是二甲硫醚（CH3SCH3）。非口源性口臭约占所有口臭病例的 5-10%，可能是一种严重疾病的表现，其治疗比口源性口臭复杂得多。因此，区分口源性口臭和非口源性口臭至关重要。本文还广泛讨论了口源性口臭和非口源性口臭之间的差异。本文还强调了在口臭研究中应用各种气味特征描述的重要性。本文解释了气味指数、气味阈值和模拟口臭样本的使用。
