Santa Lucia Foundation, European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Oct;35(9):1805-20. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002. Epub 2011 Mar 15.
Appetitive motivation and incentive states are essential functions sustained by a common emotional brain process, the SEEKING disposition, which drives explorative and approach behaviors, sustains goal-directed activity, promotes anticipatory cognitions, and evokes feelings of positive excitement which control reward-learning. All such functions are orchestrated by the same "archetypical" neural processes, activated in ancient subcortical areas and transported to the forebrain by the mesolimbic dopamine (ML-DA) system. In mammals, the neurophysiology of the SEEKING urge is expressed by DA-promoted high-frequency oscillations, in the form of transient and synchronized gamma waves (>30Hz) emerging in limbic forebrain and diffusing throughout basal ganglia-thalamocortical (BG-T-C) circuits. These patterns may be considered basic "SEEKING neurodynamic impulses" which represent the primary-process exploratory disposition getting integrated with information relative to the external and the internal environment. Abnormal manifestation of SEEKING and its neural substrates are evident in clinical depression and addiction. Specifically, depression is characterized by reduced recruitment of SEEKING, while addictions reflect re-organizations of the SEEKING disposition around ultra-specific appetitive memories and compulsive activities.
欲望动机和激励状态是由一个共同的情绪大脑过程——探索倾向所维持的基本功能，它驱动探索和接近行为，维持目标导向的活动，促进预期认知，并引起积极兴奋的感觉，从而控制奖励学习。所有这些功能都是由相同的“典型”神经过程协调的，这些过程被激活在古老的皮质下区域，并通过中脑边缘多巴胺（ML-DA）系统传输到前脑。在哺乳动物中，探索欲望的神经生理学表现为 DA 促进的高频振荡，表现为在边缘前脑出现的短暂和同步的伽马波（>30Hz），并扩散到基底神经节-丘脑-皮质（BG-T-C）回路中。这些模式可以被认为是基本的“探索神经动力学冲动”，代表了与外部和内部环境相关的初级过程探索倾向的整合。探索及其神经基质的异常表现见于临床抑郁症和成瘾。具体来说，抑郁症的特征是探索倾向的减少，而成瘾反映了围绕超特定的欲望记忆和强迫活动对探索倾向的重新组织。
