20 世纪西班牙和意大利小麦育种引起的硬质小麦发育阶段持续时间的变化及其对产量的影响。
Changes in duration of developmental phases of durum wheat caused by breeding in Spain and Italy during the 20th century and its impact on yield.
机构信息
Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
出版信息
Ann Bot. 2011 Jun;107(8):1355-66. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcr063. Epub 2011 Mar 28.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Although the apical development of wheat has been widely described, studies analysing how genetic breeding over the 20th century influenced the developmental phases and its consequences on yield generation are lacking, especially for durum wheat under field conditions in Mediterranean environments. The aims of this study were to analyse the effects of breeding in Spain and Italy on crop development during the last century, to determine whether or not breeding significantly altered the developmental phases between sowing and maturity, and to evaluate the importance of each phase in determining the number of grains per spike of durum wheat (Triticum durum) cultivars representing the germplasm grown throughout the 20th century in Spain and Italy.
METHODS
Eight field experiments were carried out during 4 years in two contrasting latitudes (Lleida and Granada, Spain). Plant material consisted of 24 durum wheat cultivars (12 Italian and 12 Spanish) grown throughout the 20th century in Spain and Italy.
KEY RESULTS
In Spanish materials, breeding reduced the duration of the period from sowing to anthesis, placing the grain-filling period in better conditions. In those cultivars, the sub-phase sowing-terminal spikelet formation was reduced while the duration of the period from booting to anthesis was increased. The number of grains per spike increased by 23 % from old to modern cultivars, by changes in the number of grains per spikelet in both Spanish and Italian cultivars. Floral abortion from booting to anthesis diminished by 24 % from old to modern cultivars, and grain setting increased by 13 %.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that breeding reduced not only plant height, but also the time to anthesis. By extending the duration of the phase from booting to anthesis, which was associated with an increase in spike dry weight and grains per spike, it suggests that future increases in spike fertility could be achieved by enlarging that phase.
背景与目的
尽管小麦的穗部发育已被广泛描述，但缺乏分析 20 世纪遗传育种如何影响发育阶段及其对产量形成影响的研究，尤其是在田间条件下的地中海环境中硬粒小麦。本研究的目的是分析 20 世纪西班牙和意大利的育种对作物发育的影响，确定育种是否显著改变了播种到成熟之间的发育阶段，并评估每个阶段在决定硬粒小麦（Triticum durum）品种每穗粒数中的重要性，这些品种代表了 20 世纪在西班牙和意大利种植的种质资源。
方法
在两个不同纬度（西班牙的莱里达和格拉纳达）进行了 4 年的 8 个田间试验。植物材料由 24 个硬粒小麦品种（12 个意大利品种和 12 个西班牙品种）组成，这些品种在 20 世纪的西班牙和意大利种植。
主要结果
在西班牙材料中，育种缩短了从播种到开花的时间，使灌浆期处于更好的条件下。在这些品种中，播种-终花小穗形成的亚期缩短，而从拔节到开花的时间延长。每穗粒数从老品种到现代品种增加了 23%，这是通过西班牙和意大利品种的每个小穗粒数的变化实现的。从拔节到开花的小花败育减少了 24%，结实率增加了 13%。
结论
结果表明，育种不仅降低了株高，而且缩短了开花时间。通过延长从拔节到开花的时间，这与穗干重和每穗粒数的增加有关，表明未来可以通过扩大该阶段来提高穗部结实率。
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