Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece.
J Hypertens. 2011 Jun;29(6):1069-76. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328345ef35.
Sodium is the mineral that has been, mainly, linked to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. It is found naturally in many foods, but is also used in the food industry and manufacturing. Identification of total sodium intake, as well as 'hidden' sodium intake from food sources early in life is necessary.
Four thousand, five hundred and eighty children aged 10-12 years were enrolled, in a cross-sectional, population-based survey. Among other measurements, dietary data were obtained by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and sodium intake was calculated. High sodium consumption was considered an intake over 2200 mg/day. Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern was evaluated using the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for children and adolescent score (KIDMED score).
Twenty-three percent of Greek children had sodium intake which exceeded the 2200 mg/day recommendation, excluding salt added at table and during cooking. Sodium intake was found elevated in children with moderate and high adherence to the Mediterranean Diet. Additionally, 1 unit increase in KIDMED score (i.e. higher adherence) was associated with 10% [odds ratio (OR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.13] increased likelihood of consuming sodium above the median intake (i.e. >1500 mg/day). Thirty-four percent of sodium intake from 'hidden' sources came from bread, processed cereals and white cheese.
Greek children have an elevated sodium intake from 'hidden' sources and main contributors are foods which are recommended to be consumed on a daily basis according to the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid. These findings should induce manufacturers to reduce the amount of sodium added during processing of 'healthy' foods, especially bread and cheese.
钠主要与高血压和心血管疾病有关。它存在于许多食物中，但也用于食品工业和制造业。确定总钠摄入量以及生命早期从食物来源中摄入的“隐藏”钠量是必要的。
在一项横断面、基于人群的调查中，共招募了 4580 名 10-12 岁的儿童。在其他测量中，通过半定量食物频率问卷获得了饮食数据，并计算了钠摄入量。高钠摄入量被认为是每天摄入超过 2200 毫克。使用儿童和青少年地中海饮食质量指数（KIDMED 评分）评估地中海饮食模式的依从性。
23%的希腊儿童的钠摄入量超过了 2200 毫克/天的建议摄入量，不包括在餐桌上和烹饪过程中添加的盐。在中度和高度遵守地中海饮食的儿童中，钠摄入量较高。此外，KIDMED 评分每增加 1 个单位（即更高的依从性），摄入超过中位数（即>1500 毫克/天）的钠的可能性就会增加 10%[比值比（OR）1.10，95%置信区间（CI）1.07-1.13]。来自“隐藏”来源的 34%的钠摄入量来自面包、加工谷物和白奶酪。
希腊儿童的“隐藏”来源的钠摄入量较高，主要来源是根据地中海饮食金字塔推荐每天食用的食物。这些发现应该促使制造商减少“健康”食品（尤其是面包和奶酪）加工过程中添加的钠量。
