Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
Chemosphere. 2011 May;83(10):1360-5. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078. Epub 2011 Mar 31.
Concentrations of several "novel" brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n=39) and offices (n=6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n=36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range <20-2470 ng g(-1)), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range <0.5-1740 ng g(-1)), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range <20-9960 ng g(-1)), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range <2-436 ng g(-1)) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range <2-6175 ng g(-1)). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g(-1) dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH=4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults=20 mg d(-1); for toddlers=50 mg d(-1)) and high dust ingestion (adults=50 mg d(-1); for toddlers=200 mg d(-1)). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg(-1) bw d(-1) and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg(-1) bw d(-1) for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.
本研究报告了比利时 39 户家庭、6 户办公室、英国西米德兰兹地区 36 所日托中心和学校的室内灰尘样本中几种“新型”溴化阻燃剂（NBFRs）的浓度。采用 GC-ECNI/MS 方法，对以下 NBFRs 进行了定量分析：十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）（浓度范围<20-2470ng g(-1)）、1,2-双（2,4,6-三溴苯氧基）乙烷（BTBPE）（浓度范围<0.5-1740ng g(-1)）、四溴双酚 A-双（2,3-二溴丙基醚）（TBBPA-DBPE）（浓度范围<20-9960ng g(-1)）、2-乙基己基-2,3,4,5-四溴邻苯二甲酸酯（TBB）（浓度范围<2-436ng g(-1)）和双（2-乙基己基）-3,4,5,6-四溴邻苯二甲酸酯（TBPH）（浓度范围<2-6175ng g(-1)）。所有灰尘样本中，六氯环戊二烯基二溴环辛烷（HCDBCO）的浓度均低于 2ng g(-1)灰尘的检测限。在 NBFRs 浓度与 PBDEs 浓度之间未检测到相关性。与商用阻燃剂产品 FM 550（TBB:TBPH=4:1）中的比值相比，灰尘样本中 TBB:TBPH 的比值范围为 0.01-4.77（平均值为 0.42）。此外，在灰尘样本中 TBB 和 TBPH 的浓度之间也未检测到相关性。这可能表明这些 NBFRs 来自不同的来源，或者来自相似的来源，但它们在室内的命运和传输过程中存在特定化合物的差异。根据低端（第 5 百分位）、典型（中位数）和高端（第 95 百分位）浓度情景，分别对成人和幼儿通过灰尘摄入进行了暴露估计。这些估计值是假设摄入的灰尘 100%被吸收，并使用平均灰尘摄入量（成人=20mg d(-1)；幼儿=50mg d(-1)）和高灰尘摄入量（成人=50mg d(-1)；幼儿=200mg d(-1)）计算得出。对于成人，高灰尘摄入情况下的典型暴露估计值分别为 BTBPE、DBDPE、TBB、TBPH 和 TBBPA-DBPE 的 0.01、0.2、0.01、0.02 和 0.08ng kg(-1) bw d(-1)，对于幼儿分别为 0.05、1.9、0.08、0.4 和 1.12ng kg(-1) bw d(-1)。我们的研究结果表明，与 PBDEs 类似，幼儿的 NBFRs 暴露水平高于成人。本研究记录了 NBFRs 在室内环境中的存在，并强调了需要评估接触此类化学物质对健康的影响。
