David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011 Apr;24(2):231-46. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00041-10.
The microbiology of animal bite wound infections in humans is often polymicrobial, with a broad mixture of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Bacteria recovered from infected bite wounds are most often reflective of the oral flora of the biting animal, which can also be influenced by the microbiome of their ingested prey and other foods. Bacteria may also originate from the victim's own skin or the physical environment at the time of injury. Our review has focused on bite wound infections in humans from dogs, cats, and a variety of other animals such as monkeys, bears, pigs, ferrets, horses, sheep, Tasmanian devils, snakes, Komodo dragons, monitor lizards, iguanas, alligators/crocodiles, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, prairie dogs, swans, and sharks. The medical literature in this area has been made up mostly of small case series or case reports. Very few studies have been systematic and are often limited to dog or cat bite injuries. Limitations of studies include a lack of established or inconsistent criteria for an infected wound and a failure to utilize optimal techniques in pathogen isolation, especially for anaerobic organisms. There is also a lack of an understanding of the pathogenic significance of all cultured organisms. Gathering information and conducting research in a more systematic and methodical fashion through an organized research network, including zoos, veterinary practices, and rural clinics and hospitals, are needed to better define the microbiology of animal bite wound infections in humans.
人类动物咬伤感染的微生物学通常为多微生物，有氧和厌氧微生物广泛混合。从感染的咬伤伤口中回收的细菌最常反映出咬伤动物的口腔菌群，这也可能受到其摄取的猎物和其他食物的微生物组的影响。细菌也可能来自受害者自身的皮肤或受伤时的物理环境。我们的综述重点关注了来自狗、猫以及各种其他动物（如猴子、熊、猪、雪貂、马、羊、塔斯马尼亚恶魔、蛇、科莫多巨蜥、巨蜥、鬣蜥、鳄鱼/短吻鳄、老鼠、豚鼠、仓鼠、草原犬鼠、天鹅和鲨鱼）的人类咬伤感染。该领域的医学文献主要由小型病例系列或病例报告组成。很少有研究是系统性的，并且通常仅限于狗或猫咬伤损伤。研究的局限性包括缺乏感染伤口的既定或不一致标准，以及未能在病原体分离中使用最佳技术，特别是对于厌氧生物。也缺乏对所有培养生物的致病意义的了解。通过组织化的研究网络（包括动物园、兽医诊所和农村诊所和医院）以更系统和有条理的方式收集信息和进行研究，对于更好地定义人类动物咬伤感染的微生物学非常必要。
