Colombini Daniela, Occhipinti E
Med Lav. 2011 Jan-Feb;102(1):3-5.
When studying WMSDs, multiple factors of different nature (mechanical, organizational, psychosocial, individual) and their interrelationship are considered relevant; consequently, the need for a "holistic" approach to MSD prevention was established. However, in recent years, considering the widespread presence of WMSDs in various work contexts there is a strong demand from OSH agencies and operators to develop "simple" tools for risk assessment and management, usable also by non-experts both in developed and developing countries, and in particular in craft industries and SME (small-medium enterprises). The World Health Organization (WHO) promoted the development of "toolkits" for different occupational risks and diseases; in outlining a toolkit (for WMSDs prevention), WHO defines this as "a set of practical risk assessment procedures and related management guidance documents, including advice on simple risk control options". The "Ergonomics of Posture and Movement" Research Unit (EPM) is very much involved in the WHO project for developing a "toolkit for MSD prevention" (as well as in similar issues promoted by ISO or UE); attention was consequently focused on craft industries, small enterprises and "difficult" work sectors (i.e. agriculture, fisheries, construction). In these sectors simple tools, procedures and software were developed and applied, that could facilitate WMSDs risk assessment and management. This issue of "La Medicina del Lavoro" is entirely devoted to selected papers regarding the above proposals and experience, especially in craft industries. The opening paper is a basic methodological contribution presenting a procedure and a tool (with relative software) that is useful for the identification of a number of occupational risks by means of special "key-enters"; the same tool, with special regard to WMSDs, defines criteria for a "quick risk assessment" which is mainly aimed at identifying 3 possible conditions: Acceptable (no remedial actions needed); High risk present (redesign is urgently needed); More detailed analysis is necessary, using proper tools for risk estimation (derived from recognized literature, international standards and/or guidelines) A series of practical applications in different craft industry contexts are then presented: the selection of the papers took into account that, apart from producing specific results on "risk mapping", they gave a detailed analysis of production cycles" in work sectors that are often "neglected" in OSH literature. Other application experience in similar work contexts using a quite similar approach will, for reasons of space, be reported in future volumes of this journal. Finally, in the web sites of the journal (http://www.lamedicinadellavoro. it/) and of the EPM Research Unit (http.//www.epmresearch.org), the reader will find (only on-line) papers and information regarding updates on the use of the "OCRA Checklist" that is now also proposed in a simpler version (OCRA mini-checklist) that can be applied specially in the sectors considered here and whenever production is "variable".
在研究工作相关肌肉骨骼疾病（WMSDs）时，不同性质的多种因素（机械、组织、社会心理、个体）及其相互关系被认为具有相关性；因此，确立了对MSD预防采取“整体”方法的必要性。然而，近年来，鉴于WMSDs在各种工作环境中广泛存在，职业安全与健康（OSH）机构和从业者强烈要求开发“简单”的风险评估和管理工具，发达国家和发展中国家的非专家也可使用，尤其是在手工业和中小企业（SME）中。世界卫生组织（WHO）推动了针对不同职业风险和疾病的“工具包”的开发；在概述一个工具包（用于WMSDs预防）时，WHO将其定义为“一套实用的风险评估程序及相关管理指导文件，包括关于简单风险控制选项的建议”。“姿势与运动人体工程学”研究单位（EPM）深度参与了WHO开发“MSD预防工具包”的项目（以及ISO或欧盟推动的类似问题）；因此，注意力集中在手工业、小企业和“困难”工作部门（即农业、渔业、建筑业）。在这些部门开发并应用了简单的工具、程序和软件，以促进WMSDs风险评估和管理。本期《劳动医学》完全致力于有关上述提议和经验的精选论文，尤其是在手工业方面。开篇论文是一项基础方法学贡献，介绍了一种程序和工具（以及相关软件），该工具通过特殊的“关键输入”有助于识别多种职业风险；同一工具，特别针对WMSDs，定义了“快速风险评估”标准，主要旨在识别三种可能情况：可接受（无需采取补救措施）；存在高风险（急需重新设计）；需要使用适当的风险估计工具（源自公认文献、国际标准和/或指南）进行更详细的分析。随后介绍了在不同手工业背景下的一系列实际应用：论文的选择考虑到，除了在“风险映射”方面产生具体结果外，它们还对职业安全与健康文献中经常“被忽视”的工作部门的生产周期进行了详细分析。由于篇幅原因，将在本期刊的未来卷次中报道在类似工作环境中使用相当类似方法的其他应用经验。最后，在该期刊的网站（http://www.lamedicinadellavoro.it/）和EPM研究单位的网站（http://www.epmresearch.org）上，读者将（仅在线）找到有关“OCRA检查表”使用更新的论文和信息，现在还提出了一个更简单的版本（OCRA迷你检查表），可专门应用于此处考虑的部门以及生产“多变”的任何时候。
