Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
PLoS One. 2011 May 11;6(5):e19704. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019704.
The fate of tropical forests is a global concern, yet many far-reaching decisions affecting forest resources are made locally. We explore allocation of logging rights using a case study from Loreto, Peruvian Amazonia, where millions of hectares of tropical rainforest were offered for concession in a competitive tendering process that addressed issues related to locality.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: After briefly presenting the study area and the tendering process, we identify and define local and non-local actors taking part in the concession process. We then analyse their tenders, results of the tendering, and attributes of the concession areas. Our results show that there was more offer than demand for concession land in the tendering. The number of tenders the concession areas received was related to their size and geographic location in relation to the major cities, but not to their estimated timber volumes or median distances from transport routes. Small and Loreto-based actors offered lower yearly area-based fees compared to larger ones, but the offers did not significantly affect the results of the tenders. Local experience in the form of logging history or residence near the solicited concession areas, as well as being registered in the region of Loreto, improved the success of the tenders.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The allocation process left a considerable number of forest areas under the management of small and local actors, and if Peru is to reach its goal of zero deforestation rate by safeguarding 75 per cent of its forests by 2020, the small and the local actors need to be integrated to the forest regime as important constituents of its legitimacy.
热带森林的命运是全球关注的焦点，但许多影响森林资源的深远决策都是在地方一级做出的。我们以秘鲁亚马逊洛雷托的一个案例研究为例，探讨了伐木权的分配，在这个案例中，数以百万公顷计的热带雨林在一个竞争性招标过程中被出让，该过程涉及与地方有关的问题。
方法/主要发现：在简要介绍研究区域和招标过程之后，我们确定并定义了参与特许权进程的地方和非地方行为者。然后，我们分析了他们的标书、招标结果以及特许权区域的属性。我们的研究结果表明，在招标中，有更多的人对特许权土地感兴趣。特许权区域收到的标书数量与其规模以及与主要城市的地理位置有关，但与估计的木材量或距运输路线的中位数距离无关。与较大的公司相比，规模较小且总部位于洛雷托的公司每年提出的基于面积的费用较低，但这些报价并未对招标结果产生显著影响。以伐木历史或居住在招标特许权区域附近的形式存在的地方经验，以及在洛雷托地区注册，都提高了招标的成功率。
结论/意义：分配过程使得相当数量的森林地区由小的和地方的行为者管理，如果秘鲁要实现到 2020 年通过保护其 75%的森林来实现零森林砍伐率的目标，那么小的和地方的行为者就需要作为其合法性的重要组成部分融入森林管理体制。
