Santana Karine de Souza O, Bavia Maria Emília, Lima Artur Dias, Guimarães Isabel Cristina S, Soares Enio Silva, Silva Marta Mariana Nascimento, Mendonça Jorge, Martin Moara de Santana
Federal University of Bahia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Preventive Medicine VeterFamily and Friends Pacificainary Department, Laboratory of Monitoring Disease by GIS, Salvador, Brazil.
Geospat Health. 2011 May;5(2):199-203. doi: 10.4081/gh.2011.172.
Environmental changes have a strong influence on the emergence and/or reemergence of infectious diseases. The city of Salvador, Brazil--currently the focus of a housing boom linked to massive deforestation--is an example in point as the destruction of the remaining areas of the Atlantic Forest around the city has led to an increased risk for Chagas disease. Human domiciles have been invaded by the triatomine vectors of Trypansoma cruzi, the flagellate protozoan causing Chagas disease, a problem of particular concern in urban/suburban areas of the city such as the Patamares sector in the north-east, where numbers of both the vector and human cases of the disease have increased lately. To control and prevent further deterioration of the situation, the control programme for Chagas disease, developed by the Bahia Center for Zoonosis Control, has divided the area into a grid of designated surveillance units (ZIs) that are subjected to vector examination. In six out of 98 of these ZIs, 988 triatomes were collected and georeferenced during the 3-year period between 2006 and 2009. The hottest months, that are also generally the driest, showed the highest numbers of triatomines with Triatoma tibiamaculata being the predominant species (98.3%) with Panstrongylus geniculatus present only occasionally (0.6%). Fifty-four percent of all triatomines captured were found inside the homes, and 48.6% out of 479 individuals in the affected ZIs selected for analysis tested positive for T. cruzi infection. The study presented here is a pioneering initiative to map the spatial distribution of triatomines based on geographical information systems with the additional aim of contributing to an expanded knowledge-base about T. cruzi and its vectors in urban areas and raise public health awareness of the risks involved.
环境变化对传染病的出现和/或再次出现有很大影响。巴西的萨尔瓦多市——目前是与大规模森林砍伐相关的住房热潮的焦点——就是一个典型例子，因为该市周围大西洋森林剩余区域的破坏导致恰加斯病风险增加。人类住所已被克氏锥虫的锥蝽媒介入侵，克氏锥虫是一种导致恰加斯病的鞭毛虫原生动物，在该市的城市/郊区，如东北部的帕塔马雷斯区，这是一个特别令人担忧的问题，该地区媒介数量和人类病例数最近都有所增加。为了控制和防止情况进一步恶化，巴伊亚人畜共患病控制中心制定的恰加斯病控制计划将该地区划分为指定的监测单元网格（ZIs），对其进行媒介检查。在2006年至2009年的3年期间，在这些ZIs中的98个中有6个收集并地理定位了988只锥蝽。最热的月份通常也是最干燥的月份，锥蝽数量最多，胫斑锥蝽是主要物种（98.3%），膝状强锥蝽仅偶尔出现（0.6%）。所有捕获的锥蝽中有54%是在房屋内发现的，在选定进行分析的受影响ZIs中的479只个体中，有48.6%的个体克氏锥虫感染检测呈阳性。本文介绍的这项研究是一项开创性举措，旨在基于地理信息系统绘制锥蝽的空间分布，另外的目的是有助于扩大关于城市地区克氏锥虫及其媒介的知识库，并提高公众对相关风险的健康意识。
