Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1299, USA.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Jul;77(14):5001-8. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00625-11. Epub 2011 May 27.
The critical assessment of bovine adenoviruses (BAdV) as indicators of environmental fecal contamination requires improved knowledge of their prevalence, shedding dynamics, and genetic diversity. We examined DNA extracted from bovine and other animal waste samples collected in Wisconsin for atadenoviruses and mastadenoviruses using novel, broad-spectrum PCR primer sets. BAdV were detected in 13% of cattle fecal samples, 90% of cattle urine samples, and 100% of cattle manure samples; 44 percent of BAdV-positive samples contained both Atadenovirus and Mastadenovirus DNA. Additionally, BAdV were detected in soil, runoff water from a cattle feedlot, and residential well water. Overall, we detected 8 of 11 prototype BAdV, plus bovine, rabbit, and porcine mastadenoviruses that diverged significantly from previously reported genotypes. The prevalence of BAdV shedding by cattle supports targeting AdV broadly as indicators of the presence of fecal contamination in aqueous environments. Conversely, several factors complicate the use of AdV for fecal source attribution. Animal AdV infecting a given livestock host were not monophyletic, recombination among livestock mastadenoviruses was detected, and the genetic diversity of animal AdV is still underreported. These caveats highlight the need for continuing genetic surveillance for animal AdV and for supporting data when BAdV detection is invoked for fecal source attribution in environmental samples. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report natural BAdV excretion in urine, BAdV detection in groundwater, and recombination in AdV of livestock origin.
牛腺病毒（BAdV）作为环境粪便污染指示物的评估需要提高对其流行率、排放动态和遗传多样性的认识。我们使用新型广谱 PCR 引物组，对从威斯康星州收集的牛和其他动物粪便样本中提取的 DNA 进行了研究，以检测腺相关病毒和巨细胞病毒。在牛粪便样本中，13%的样本检测到 BAdV，90%的牛尿液样本和 100%的牛粪便样本中检测到 BAdV；44%的 BAdV 阳性样本中同时含有腺相关病毒和巨细胞病毒 DNA。此外，还在土壤、牛饲养场的径流水中以及住宅井水检测到 BAdV。总的来说，我们检测到了 11 种原型 BAdV 的 8 种，以及牛、兔和猪巨细胞病毒，它们与之前报道的基因型有明显的差异。牛的 BAdV 排放流行率支持将 AdV 作为水样中粪便污染的指示物进行广泛检测。然而，有几个因素使 AdV 的应用变得复杂，无法作为粪便来源的指示物。感染特定家畜宿主的动物 AdV 不是单系的，家畜巨细胞病毒之间发生了重组，并且动物 AdV 的遗传多样性仍未得到充分报告。这些注意事项突出表明需要继续对动物 AdV 进行遗传监测，并在将 BAdV 检测用于环境样本中粪便来源归属时提供支持数据。据我们所知，这是首次报道牛自然排泄 BAdV、BAdV 在地下水检测到以及家畜来源的 AdV 发生重组的研究。
