Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Eur J Nutr. 2012 Mar;51(2):211-9. doi: 10.1007/s00394-011-0209-0. Epub 2011 May 31.
Breast milk fatty acids possess immunomodulatory properties, and new intervention strategies beyond supplementation of maternal diet with single oils are called for. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dietary intervention during pregnancy and breastfeeding on breast milk fatty acid and cytokine composition.
Pregnant women were randomised into three study groups: dietary intervention with probiotics (diet/probiotic) or with placebo (diet/placebo) and a control group (control/placebo). Dietary intervention included dietary counselling and provision of rapeseed oil-based food products. The probiotics used were Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 in combination. Dietary intake was evaluated by food records at every trimester of pregnancy and 1 month postpartum. Breast milk samples were collected after birth (colostrum) and 1 month after delivery for fatty acid and cytokine analysis (n = 125).
Dietary intervention improved the quality of fat in the diet. In breast milk, the proportion of α-linolenic acid and total n-3 fatty acids was higher in both dietary intervention groups compared with control group (p < 0.05). In the diet/probiotic group, the γ-linolenic acid content was higher compared with the diet/placebo group (p < 0.05). The concentrations of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-4 and IL-2 were higher in both dietary intervention groups compared with controls, and furthermore, long-chain n-3 fatty acids were associated with several cytokines in colostrum samples.
The present intervention demonstrated the possibility of modifying breast milk immunomodulatory factors by dietary means.
母乳中的脂肪酸具有免疫调节特性，因此需要寻求除了在母体饮食中补充单一油分外的新干预策略。本研究旨在评估在妊娠和哺乳期进行饮食干预对母乳脂肪酸和细胞因子组成的影响。
孕妇被随机分为三组：益生菌饮食干预组（饮食/益生菌）或安慰剂饮食干预组（饮食/安慰剂）和对照组（安慰剂/安慰剂）。饮食干预包括饮食咨询和提供菜籽油基食品。使用的益生菌为鼠李糖乳杆菌 GG 和双歧杆菌 Bb12 的组合。通过妊娠每个三个月和产后 1 个月的食物记录评估饮食摄入。在产后（初乳）和产后 1 个月收集母乳样本进行脂肪酸和细胞因子分析（n=125）。
饮食干预改善了饮食中的脂肪质量。在母乳中，与对照组相比，两种饮食干预组的 α-亚麻酸和总 n-3 脂肪酸的比例更高（p<0.05）。在饮食/益生菌组中，γ-亚麻酸的含量高于饮食/安慰剂组（p<0.05）。与对照组相比，两种饮食干预组的 TNF-α、IL-10、IL-4 和 IL-2 浓度更高，此外，长链 n-3 脂肪酸与初乳样本中的几种细胞因子有关。
本研究中的干预措施表明，通过饮食方式改变母乳免疫调节因子是可行的。
