Biology and clinical use of GM-CSF in lung cancer.

Administration of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been shown to induce an increase in production of neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils. This is reflected in an accelerated recovery of myelopoiesis following cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation. Human trials completed so far have used patients with many tumor types. It was clearly demonstrated that the leukocyte responses are dose and schedule dependent and that the route of factor administration is important. The results of clinical trials suggest that the acute toxicity of cytotoxic chemotherapy may be decreased. This may result in a higher dose of drugs or in a reduction of treatment interval, and it may increase the rate of complete remissions and the number of patients with long-term disease free survival, particularly in small cell lung cancer. However, up to now a definitive statement as to the value of this supportive treatment in solid tumor chemotherapy is not possible.