USP, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Aug 30;192(2):628-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.05.063. Epub 2011 May 27.
Azo dyes constitute the largest group of colorants used in industry and can pass through municipal waste water plants nearly unchanged due to their resistance to aerobic treatment, which potentially exposes humans and local biota to adverse effects. Unfortunately, little is known about their environmental fate. Under anaerobic conditions, some azo dyes are cleaved by microorganisms forming potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines. In the present study, the azo dye Disperse Orange 1, widely used in textile dyeing, was tested using the comet, Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity, cell viability, Daphnia similis and Microtox(®) assays. The human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) was used in the comet assay and for cell viability. In the mutagenicity assay, Salmonella typhimurium strains with different levels of nitroreductase and o-acetyltransferase were used. The dye showed genotoxic effects with respect to HepG2 cells at concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0μg/mL. In the mutagenicity assay, greater responses were obtained with the strains TA98 and YG1041, suggesting that this compound mainly induces frameshift mutations. Moreover, the mutagenicity was greatly enhanced with the strains overproducing nitroreductase and o-acetyltransferase, showing the importance of these enzymes in the mutagenicity of this dye. In addition, the compound induced apoptosis after 72h in contact with the HepG2 cells. No toxic effects were observed for either D. similis or Vibrio fischeri.
偶氮染料是工业中使用的最大染料群体之一，由于它们对需氧处理的抵抗力，几乎可以不变地通过城市废水处理厂，这可能使人类和当地生物群暴露于不利影响之下。不幸的是，人们对它们的环境命运知之甚少。在厌氧条件下，一些偶氮染料被微生物分解，形成潜在致癌的芳香胺。在本研究中，广泛用于纺织染色的偶氮染料分散橙 1 用彗星试验、沙门氏菌/微粒体致突变性、细胞活力、水蚤（Daphnia similis）和 Microtox（®）试验进行了测试。人肝癌细胞系（HepG2）用于彗星试验和细胞活力试验。在致突变性试验中，使用具有不同硝基还原酶和 o-乙酰转移酶水平的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌菌株。该染料在浓度为 0.2、0.4、1.0、2.0 和 4.0μg/mL 时对 HepG2 细胞表现出遗传毒性作用。在致突变性试验中，TA98 和 YG1041 菌株得到了更大的反应，表明该化合物主要诱导移码突变。此外，硝基还原酶和 o-乙酰转移酶过度表达的菌株的致突变性大大增强，表明这些酶在该染料的致突变性中非常重要。此外，该化合物在与 HepG2 细胞接触 72 小时后诱导细胞凋亡。水蚤或发光弧菌均未观察到有毒作用。
