Department of Psychology, Universityof Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011 Sep;101(3):607-19. doi: 10.1037/a0024299.
We examined the development of self-esteem in adolescence and young adulthood. Data came from the Young Adults section of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which includes 8 assessments across a 14-year period of a national probability sample of 7,100 individuals age 14 to 30 years. Latent growth curve analyses indicated that self-esteem increases during adolescence and continues to increase more slowly in young adulthood. Women and men did not differ in their self-esteem trajectories. In adolescence, Hispanics had lower self-esteem than Blacks and Whites, but the self-esteem of Hispanics subsequently increased more strongly, so that at age 30 Blacks and Hispanics had higher self-esteem than Whites. At each age, emotionally stable, extraverted, and conscientious individuals experienced higher self-esteem than emotionally unstable, introverted, and less conscientious individuals. Moreover, at each age, high sense of mastery, low risk taking, and better health predicted higher self-esteem. Finally, the results suggest that normative increase in sense of mastery accounts for a large proportion of the normative increase in self-esteem.
我们研究了青少年和青年期自尊的发展。数据来自国家青年纵向调查的青年成人部分，该调查包括对全国概率样本 7100 名年龄在 14 至 30 岁的个人进行的 14 年 8 次评估。潜在增长曲线分析表明，自尊在青少年时期增加，并在青年期继续缓慢增加。女性和男性在自尊轨迹上没有差异。在青少年时期，西班牙裔的自尊低于黑人和白人，但西班牙裔的自尊随后增长更为强劲，因此在 30 岁时，黑人和西班牙裔的自尊高于白人。在每个年龄阶段，情绪稳定、外向和尽责的个体的自尊比情绪不稳定、内向和责任心较弱的个体更高。此外，在每个年龄阶段，高度的掌控感、低风险承担和更好的健康状况预示着更高的自尊。最后，结果表明，掌控感的规范增长解释了自尊的规范增长的很大一部分。
