Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jul 26;108(30):12554-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1013919108. Epub 2011 Jul 8.
We explored the social and ecological outcomes associated with emergence of a management panacea designed to govern a stochastic renewable natural resource. To that end, we constructed a model of a coupled social-ecological system of recreational fisheries in which a manager supports naturally fluctuating stocks by stocking fish in response to harvest-driven satisfaction of resource users. The realistic assumption of users remembering past harvest experiences when exploiting a stochastically fluctuating fish population facilitates the emergence of a stocking-based management panacea over time. The social benefits of panacea formation involve dampening natural population fluctuations and generating stability of user satisfaction. It also maintains the resource but promotes the eventual replacement of wild fish by hatchery-descended fish. Our analyses show this outcome is particularly likely when hatchery-descended fish are reasonably fit (e.g., characterized by similar survival relative to wild fish) and/or when natural recruitment of the wild population is low (e.g., attributable to habitat deterioration), which leaves the wild population with little buffer against competition by stocked fish. The potential for release-based panacea formation is particularly likely under user-based management regimes and should be common in a range of social-ecological systems (e.g., fisheries, forestry), whenever user groups are entitled to engage in release or replanting strategies. The net result will be the preservation of a renewable resource through user-based incentives, but the once natural populations are likely to be altered and to host nonnative genotypes. This risks other ecosystem services and the future of wild populations.
我们探讨了与旨在管理随机可再生自然资源的管理万灵药的出现相关的社会和生态结果。为此，我们构建了一个娱乐性渔业的社会-生态系统耦合模型，其中管理者通过根据资源使用者的捕捞驱动的满意度来投放鱼类来支持自然波动的种群。使用者在利用随机波动的鱼类种群时记住过去捕捞经验的现实假设，随着时间的推移，有助于基于放流的管理万灵药的出现。万灵药形成的社会效益包括减轻自然种群波动和产生用户满意度的稳定性。它还维持了资源，但促进了最终由人工养殖鱼取代野生鱼。我们的分析表明，当人工养殖鱼具有相当的适应性（例如，相对于野生鱼具有相似的存活率）和/或野生种群的自然补充率较低（例如，由于栖息地恶化）时，这种结果尤其可能发生，这使得野生种群几乎没有缓冲能力来抵御放流鱼类的竞争。基于释放的万灵药形成的可能性特别大，特别是在基于用户的管理模式下，并且应该在各种社会-生态系统（例如渔业、林业）中很常见，只要用户群体有权参与释放或重新种植策略。其净结果将是通过基于用户的激励措施来保护可再生资源，但曾经的自然种群可能会发生变化，并容纳非本地基因型。这会带来其他生态系统服务和野生种群的未来风险。
