Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2011 Aug;21(4):636-44. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.06.012. Epub 2011 Jul 20.
Recent studies of upper limb movements have provided insights into the computations, mechanisms, and taxonomy of human sensorimotor learning. Motor tasks differ with respect to how they weight different learning processes. These include adaptation, an internal-model based process that reduces sensory-prediction errors in order to return performance to pre-perturbation levels, use-dependent plasticity, and operant reinforcement. Visuomotor rotation and force-field tasks impose systematic errors and thereby emphasize adaptation. In skill learning tasks, which for the most part do not involve a perturbation, improved performance is manifest as reduced motor variability and probably depends less on adaptation and more on success-based exploration. Explicit awareness and declarative memory contribute, to varying degrees, to motor learning. The modularity of motor learning processes maps, at least to some extent, onto distinct brain structures.
近期对手部运动的研究深入探讨了人类感觉运动学习的计算、机制和分类学。运动任务在不同方面影响不同的学习过程。这些过程包括适应，一种基于内部模型的过程，通过减少感觉预测错误来恢复到预扰动水平的性能，使用依赖性可塑性和操作性强化。视动旋转和力场任务会产生系统误差，从而强调适应。在技能学习任务中，大多数情况下不涉及扰动，表现为运动变异性降低，可能较少依赖于适应，更多地依赖于基于成功的探索。明确的意识和陈述性记忆在不同程度上对运动学习有贡献。运动学习过程的模块化至少在一定程度上映射到不同的大脑结构上。
