Wageningen IMARES, Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies, PO Box 57, 1780 AB, Den Helder, The Netherlands.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2012 Apr;8(2):231-41. doi: 10.1002/ieam.273. Epub 2011 Nov 4.
Oil spills, for example those due to tanker collisions and groundings or platform accidents, can have huge adverse impacts on marine systems. The impact of an oil spill at sea depends on a number of factors, such as spill volume, type of oil spilled, weather conditions, and proximity to environmentally, economically, or socially sensitive areas. Oil spilled at sea threatens marine organisms, whole ecosystems, and economic resources in the immediate vicinity, such as fisheries, aquaculture, recreation, and tourism. Adequate response to any oil spill to minimize damage is therefore of great importance. The common response to an oil spill is to remove all visible oil from the water surface, either mechanically or by using chemicals to disperse the oil into the water column to biodegrade. This is not always the most suitable response to an oil spill, as the chemical application itself may also have adverse effects, or no response may be needed. In this article we discuss advantages and disadvantages of using chemical treatments to reduce the impact of an oil spill in relation to the conditions of the spill. The main characteristics of chemical treatment agents are discussed and presented within the context of a basic decision support scheme.
例如，油轮碰撞和搁浅或平台事故造成的溢油会对海洋系统造成巨大的不利影响。海上溢油的影响取决于许多因素，如溢油量、溢油类型、天气条件以及与环境、经济或社会敏感区域的接近程度。海上溢油会威胁到海洋生物、整个生态系统以及附近的经济资源，如渔业、水产养殖、娱乐和旅游业。因此，对任何溢油进行充分的应对以将损害降至最低非常重要。常见的溢油应对措施是从水面上清除所有可见的油污，无论是通过机械方法还是使用化学物质将油污分散到水柱中进行生物降解。这并不总是对溢油最适合的应对措施，因为化学应用本身也可能产生不利影响，或者可能不需要任何应对措施。在本文中，我们讨论了在考虑溢油条件的情况下，使用化学处理方法来减少溢油影响的优缺点。讨论了化学处理剂的主要特性，并在基本决策支持方案的背景下进行了介绍。
