Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, John Dewey Hall, 2 Colchester Ave., Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
Clin Psychol Rev. 2011 Nov;31(7):1183-91. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.006. Epub 2011 Jul 26.
The 2:1 female-to-male sex difference in the prevalence of panic disorder (PD) suggests that there is a sex-specific vulnerability involved in the etiology and/or maintenance of this disorder. The purpose of this paper is to present a new conceptual model, which emphasizes the interaction between a cognitive vulnerability for PD, anxiety sensitivity, and the effects of progesterone and its metabolite, allopregnanolone, on behavioral and physiological responses to stress during the premenstrual phase. This interaction is proposed to be a potential sex-specific pathway that may initiate and/or maintain panic and anxiety symptoms in women. This review paper presents preliminary evidence from both the human and animal literatures to support this new model. Specific topics reviewed include: psychopathology related to the menstrual cycle, anxiety sensitivity and its relationship to the menstrual cycle, PMS, and PMDD, anxiety-modulating effects of progesterone and its neuroactive metabolite, allopregnanolone, and how results from the neuroendocrine literature relate to psychopathology or symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle.
惊恐障碍(PD)的患病率存在 2:1 的男女性别差异,这表明在这种疾病的病因和/或维持中存在特定于性别的脆弱性。本文的目的是提出一个新的概念模型,该模型强调了对 PD 的认知脆弱性、焦虑敏感性以及孕激素及其代谢物别孕烯醇酮对经前期应激的行为和生理反应的影响之间的相互作用。这种相互作用被认为是一种潜在的特定于性别的途径,可能会引发和/或维持女性的恐慌和焦虑症状。这篇综述文章从人类和动物文献中提供了初步证据来支持这个新模型。综述的具体主题包括:与月经周期相关的精神病理学、焦虑敏感性及其与月经周期的关系、经前综合征(PMS)和经前烦躁障碍(PMDD)、孕激素及其神经活性代谢物别孕烯醇酮的焦虑调节作用,以及神经内分泌文献中的结果如何与与月经周期相关的精神病理学或症状相关。