Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Sep 29;52(10):7586-92. doi: 10.1167/iovs.11-7698.
To compare the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes (DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a multi-ethnic Asian population of Chinese, Malays, and Indians in Singapore.
A total of 2919 individuals participated in a population-based, cross-sectional study in Singapore of Chinese (n = 1633), Malays (n = 658), and Indians (n = 628) aged 40 to 95 years, with retinal photographs, graded using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) severity scale. DM was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7 mmol/L, self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes, and use of glucose-lowering medication.
The overall age-standardized prevalence of diabetes was 13.8% (Chinese, 11.5%; Malays, 17.1%; and Indians, 21.6%; P < 0.0001). Among persons with diabetes (n = 401), the overall age-standardized prevalence of DR was 25.4% (20.1%, 24.8%, and 28.9% in Chinese, Malays, and Indians, respectively; P = 0.290). In multivariate analysis, longer diabetes duration (odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.09, per year increase), higher glycated hemoglobin (OR 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01-1.54, per 1% increase), and serum creatinine levels (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.03, per mg/dL increase) were the independent risk factors of DR in the whole population. Race was not found to be associated with DR (OR, 1.35; CI, 1.00-1.83). The associations of major risk factors with DR were similar among the three ethnic groups.
There was a significant difference in the prevalence of diabetes between Chinese, Malays, and Indians. The main risk factors of DR, similar among the three ethnic groups, are longer diabetes duration, higher hbA1c, and higher creatinine levels. No significant racial differences were found in the prevalence of DR among persons with diabetes.
比较新加坡多民族亚洲人群（华族、马来族和印度族）中糖尿病（DM）和糖尿病性视网膜病变（DR）的患病率和危险因素。
在新加坡进行了一项基于人群的横断面研究，共纳入 2919 名年龄在 40 至 95 岁的个体，其中包括华族（n = 1633）、马来族（n = 658）和印度族（n = 628），他们接受了视网膜照相检查，并使用糖尿病性视网膜病变早期治疗研究（ETDRS）严重程度量表进行分级。DM 定义为空腹血糖≥7mmol/L、经医生诊断的糖尿病、以及使用降血糖药物。
总体年龄标准化的糖尿病患病率为 13.8%（华族 11.5%，马来族 17.1%，印度族 21.6%；P < 0.0001）。在患有糖尿病的个体中（n = 401），总体年龄标准化的 DR 患病率为 25.4%（华族、马来族和印度族分别为 20.1%、24.8%和 28.9%；P = 0.290）。多因素分析显示，糖尿病病程较长（比值比[OR]，1.05；95%置信区间[CI]，1.01-1.09，每年增加 1 年）、糖化血红蛋白水平较高（OR 1.25；95%CI，1.01-1.54，每增加 1%）和血清肌酐水平升高（OR，1.01；95%CI，1.00-1.03，每增加 1mg/dL）是全人群 DR 的独立危险因素。种族与 DR 无关（OR，1.35；CI，1.00-1.83）。在这三个种族群体中，主要危险因素与 DR 的关联相似。
华族、马来族和印度族之间的糖尿病患病率存在显著差异。DR 的主要危险因素在这三个种族群体中相似，包括糖尿病病程较长、糖化血红蛋白水平较高和肌酐水平升高。在患有糖尿病的个体中，种族间 DR 的患病率无显著差异。
