Bleeding and thrombotic complications of kidney disease.

With the rising prevalence of kidney disease, clinicians are increasingly faced with concerns about potential thrombotic and bleeding complications. Thrombotic risk, both arterial and venous, predominates with all severities of kidney disease but bleeding manifestations become an additional concern particularly with uraemia. This article reviews these contrasting problems and discusses strategies for prevention and management in the context of renal impairment, renal replacement therapy and renal transplantation.