Gowda G A Nagana
Analytical Division, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
Bioanalysis. 2011 Aug;3(16):1877-90. doi: 10.4155/bio.11.152.
Human liver synthesizes bile; bile, containing a large number of metabolites, is transported through the canaliculi and bile ducts, and stored in the gallbladder before entering into the intestine. In the intestine, a large number of bile metabolites are reabsorbed and sent back to the liver for recirculation. Owing to close association of the bile with the gastrointestinal system, the bile metabolic profile is highly sensitive to the onset of numerous gastrointestinal disease processes. A growing number of studies suggest that hepatobiliary disease biomarkers are richly populated in human bile. These studies stress the potential of profiling the human bile metabolome for early diagnostics as well as deeper insights into gastrointestinal disease processes. Once the biomarkers are established reliably using human bile, they can be targeted in easily accessible fluids such as blood and urine or targeted in bile itself using noninvasive methods such as in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopy is one of the most powerful bioanalytical tools, which promises profiling of human bile metabolome and exploring early biomarkers for hepatobiliary diseases. Comprehensive analysis of human bile using NMR spectroscopy has lead to identification and quantification of major bile metabolites. This review describes the discovery and quantitation of biomarkers of hepatobiliary diseases in human bile using NMR spectroscopy.
人类肝脏合成胆汁；胆汁含有大量代谢产物，通过胆小管和胆管运输，并在进入肠道之前储存在胆囊中。在肠道中，大量胆汁代谢产物被重新吸收并送回肝脏进行再循环。由于胆汁与胃肠道系统密切相关，胆汁代谢谱对许多胃肠道疾病过程的发生高度敏感。越来越多的研究表明，肝胆疾病生物标志物在人类胆汁中大量存在。这些研究强调了分析人类胆汁代谢组在早期诊断以及深入了解胃肠道疾病过程方面的潜力。一旦使用人类胆汁可靠地建立了生物标志物，就可以在易于获取的体液（如血液和尿液）中对其进行靶向分析，或者使用体内磁共振波谱等非侵入性方法在胆汁本身中进行靶向分析。核磁共振波谱是最强大的生物分析工具之一，有望分析人类胆汁代谢组并探索肝胆疾病的早期生物标志物。使用核磁共振波谱对人类胆汁进行综合分析已导致对主要胆汁代谢产物的鉴定和定量。本综述描述了使用核磁共振波谱在人类胆汁中发现和定量肝胆疾病生物标志物的情况。
